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Comparing Means and

Proportions
DECISION

ACCEPT REJECT
H0 H0

H0 is true CORRECT Type I error


( alpha)

H0 is false Type II error (ẞ) CORRECT


STEP 3

STEP 2 Check the


probability value
Select (p) . Reject H0 if
appropriate the p < 5% or
statistic and 0.05
STEP 1
calculate
State the null
hypothesis
H0: There is no significant difference in
Y when X varies.
Test of Means Test of proportions
• Nominal/ordinal • Nominal/ ordinal
Independent variable, X Independent variable, X

• Interval/ratio • Nominal/ ordinal


Dependent variable, Y Dependent variable, Y
Test of Means
2 Samples More than 2 samples
• T-test for independent • Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA)
samples e.g.comparing scores across grade levels
e.g.comparing scores of male 7 to 10
and female students

• T-test for paired samples • Post-Hoc Analysis ( pairwise


e.g.comparing scores before comparison)
and after intervention
Checking Assumptions
2 samples More than 2 samples
• T-test for independent • Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA)
samples
Normality
Equality of Variance Equality of Variances

• Hypothesis
• T-test for paired samples • H01…no significant difference
Normality of differences
from normal curve.
• H02…no significant diff. in the
variances
If data do not meet assumptions…
2 samples More than 2 samples
Test of medians Test of medians
• T-test for independent • Analysis of Variance
samples
Kruskal –Wallis Test
Mann-Whitney U Test

…then proceed to pairwise /


• T – test for paired samples 2-sample comparison
Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test
Conventional Rules
• Set the alpha either from .05 to .01
• Call the result significantly beyond the alpha level ( e.g. p<
.05) if the statistic falls in the rejection region. Otherwise,
the result is not statistically significant.
Correlation Analysis
• Types of variable/measurement

RATIO
Absolute zero

• Distance is meaningful
INTERVAL

ORDINAL • Attributes can be ordered

NOMINAL Attributes are only named: weakest


Review: ANOVA
Assumption 1- Equality of
variance Assumption 2- Normality
• H01…no significant • H02… no significant
difference in variances difference from normal
distribution
• Goal: p-value should be
greater than 5% • Goal: p-value should be
greater than 5%
Review: ANOVA
Post Hoc Analysis-Pairwise
Comparing Groups F-test Comparison
• H01 …no significant • H02 … no significant
difference in means difference from means

• Goal: p-value should be less • Goal: p-value should be less


than 5 % than 5 %
H0: There is no significant relationship
between X and Y
Correlation tests Chi- Square
• Interval/ratio/ordinal • Nominal
Independent variable, X Independent variable, X

• Interval/ratio/ordinal • Nominal
Dependent variable Dependent variable, Y
Bivariate Correlation
Quantitative variables
Pearson Correlation ( Pearson Product-Moment Correlation)

Kendall’s Tau –b Correlation

Qualitative variables ( ordinal)


Spearman’s Rank –Order Correlation

Qualitative Variables
Chi-Square
Pearson Correlation ( Pearson Product-
Moment Correlation), r
Assumption 1: The two variables considered should be measured at the
interval or ratio level.

RATIO
Absolute zero

•INTERVAL Distance is meaningful

ORDINAL
• Attributes can be ordered

NOMINAL
Attributes are only named: weakest
Pearson Correlation ( Pearson Product
–Moment Correlation ), r
• Assumption 2: There is linear relationship
between the two variables ( scatter plot rank
it plot/linearity test)

• As X increases , Y increases
• As X increases, Y decreases
Pearson Correlation ( Pearson Product –
Moment Correlation ), r
• Assumption 3: There should be no significant
outliers .

• Assumption 4: The variables should be


approximately normally distributed
Kendall’s Tau-b Correlation
…small sample size , non-normal quantitative
data and data with many tied ranks

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