Chemical Process Principles

(CLB 10904 / CLB12004)

Chapter 1 (Part 1)
Basic Concepts
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In designing a new process or analyzing an

existing one, calculation of amounts and
properties of raw materials and products
is crucial.

This chapter presents the calculation

techniques of expressing the values of
process variables.
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Topic Outcomes
At the end of Chapter 1, you should be able to:
 Convert one set of units in a function or equation into
another equivalent set for mass, length, area,
volume, time, energy and force using conversion
factor tables.
 Identify the units commonly used to express both
mass (amount of "matter" in an object) and weight
(force experienced by an object due to gravity).
 Identify the number of significant figures in a given
value and state the precision with which the value is
known
Chemical Process Principles
(CLB 10904 / CLB 12004)

1.1: Unit, Dimensions,

and Conversion of Units
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Units
Units
TAKE NOTE
 Addition
Example: 2.05kg + 3.56kg (YES)
used for
expressing the  Subtraction
dimensions Example: 5m – 3m (YES)
7hr – 2min (NO)
 Multiplication
Example:
 Division
Length: feet (ft) or meter (m).
Example : 4m x 3m = 12 m2
Time: hours/seconds (hr/s).
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Conversion of Units
• A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any
units having the appropriate dimension.
• To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to
equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the given
quantity by the conversion factor as given in conversion
table.
• Conversion factor – a ratio of equivalent values of a
quantity expressed in different units.
• Let’s say we want to convert 36 mg to gram.
36 mg 1g = 0.036 g
Conversion
1000 mg
factor
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Conversion Table
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Conversion Table (Cont.)

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Dimensional Equation
Lets say we want to convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2
1. Write the given quantity and units on the left hand side.
2. Write the units of conversion factors that cancelled the existing unit
and replace them with the desired unit.

1 cm s2 h2 day2 m km
s2 h2 day2 yr2 cm m
3. Fill the values of the conversion factors

1 cm 36002 s2 242 h2 3652 day2 1m 1 km

s2 12 h2 12 day2 12 yr2 100 cm 1000 m
36002 x 242 x 3652 km
= 9.95 x 109 km/ yr 2
100 x 1000 yr2
Chemical Process Principles
(CLB 10904)

1.2: Systems of Units

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Systems of Units
MULTIPLE
UNITS

BASE DERIVED
UNITS UNITS

SYSTEMS
OF UNITS
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Systems of Units

• 3 systems of unit:

a) SI system

b) American Engineering System

c) CGS system
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Base Units
SI CGS
(Centimeter–
Quantity (system of Symbol American Symbol Symbol
gram–second
units)
system)

Length meter m foot ft centimeter cm

pound
Mass kilogram kg lbm gram g
mass

Moles gram-mole mole pound mole lbmole gram-mole mole

Time second s second s second s

Temperature Kelvin K Rankine R Kelvin K

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Multiple Units
● Fractions of base unit
Example : Years
Days
Seconds
Hours
Minutes
● Multiple Unit prefixes
Multiple Unit Preferences
tera (T) = 1012 centi (c) = 10-2
giga (G) = 109 milli (m) = 10-3
mega (M) = 106 micro (μ) = 10-6
kilo (k) = 103 nano (n) = 10-9
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Derived SI Units

Equivalent to the Base

Quantity Unit Symbol
Unit
Volume Liter L 0.001m3 = 1000 cm3
Newton (SI) 1 kg.m/s2
Force N
Dyne (CGS) 1 g.cm/s2
Pressure Pascal Pa 1 N/m2
Energy/ Joule J 1 N.m = 1 kg.m2/s2
Work Calorie cal 4.184 J = 4.184 kg.m2/s2
Power Watt W 1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3
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Derived SI Units
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Example 1

Derive unit for velocity in the

SI System?
The CGS System?
The American Engineering System?
length m ft cm
Velocity= = (ISI unit) = (American) = (CGS)
time s s s
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EXERCISE
Example 2
Convert 1 miles per hour to meter per second

mile mile 1m 1hr m

1 =1 ´ ´ = 0.447
hr hr 0.0006214mile 3600s s
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EXERCISE
Example 3
Convert 23 Ibm.ft/min2 to its equivalent kg.cm/s2

lbm. ft 23lbm. ft 0.453593 kg 100 cm (12 )min 2 kg.cm

23 = ´ ´ ´ = 0.088
min 2 min 2 1 lbm 3.2808 ft (602 )s2 s2
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The Chain of Mechanical Quantities

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Force (F = ma)
 Force is proportional to product of mass, m and
acceleration, a (length/time2).
 Base force units are therefore kg.m/s2 (SI), g.cm/s2 (CGS),
and Ibm.ft/s2 (American Engineering).
 To avoid these complex base force units, we usually define
using derived force units
1 Newton (N) = 1 kg.m/s2 (SI Unit)
1 dyne = 1 g.cm/s2 (CGS System)
1 Ibf = 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2 (American System)
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Weight (W = mg)
• Weight of an object is force exerted on the
object by gravitational attraction of the
earth i.e. force of gravity, g.
• Value of gravitational acceleration:
g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 980.66 cm/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2
Chemical Process Principles
(CLB 10904 / CLB12004)
1.3: Dimensional
Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantities
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Dimensions
Dimensions

Properties that can be measured.

Example: length, time, mass, temperature

Properties that can calculated by multiplying or

dividing other dimensions.
Example: velocity (length/time), volume, density
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Base Dimensions

Quantity SI Unit Dimension

Mass Kilogram M

Length Meter L

Temperature K θ

Time s T
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Base Dimensions
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Example 4
Chicken Rendang Recipe
Ingredients:
1 kg boneless chicken
30 ml of cooking oil
100 gram of spices
7 cm Lemongrass

Value Unit Dimension

30 milliliter LENGTH [L3]
1 Kg
MASS [M]
100 gram
7 centimeter LENGTH [L]
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Dimensional Homogeneity
• Quantities can be added/subtracted if ONLY their
UNITS and DIMENSIONS are same.
• If the dimensions are the same on both left and
right side of the equation, then we can say it is
dimensionally homogenous
VELOCITY = LENGTH / TIME
(L) / (T) (L) / (T)
(m/s) (m/s)
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Dimensional Homogeneity
• Every valid equation must be dimensionally
homogeneous.
• All additive terms on both sides of the
equation must have same dimensions.

Dimensionally
VALID homogeneous
EQUATION (and consistent
units)
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Example 5
We have F = ma, where;
• F = Force (N = kg.m/s2) = (M.L) / (T2)
• m = Mass (kg) = (M)
• a = Acceleration (m/s2) = (L) / (T2)
Unit: F (kg.m/s2) = m (kg) x a (m/s2) (Consistent)
Dimension:
(M )(L) (L)
2
= ( M ) ´ 2
(T ) (T )
LEFT = RIGHT
(Dimensionally Homogenous)
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Dimensional Analysis
This is a very important tool to check your work
Example: Solving a problem to find distance, d
based on this equation:
d = vt2 (velocity x time2)

• Dimension on left side = (L)

• Dimension on right side = (L)/(T) x (T)2 = (L).(T)
Left and right dimensions are not same, NOT
dimensionally homogenous, hence the equation is
NOT valid!!
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Example 6
The period, P of a swinging pendulum
depends only on the length of the
pendulum, d and the acceleration of
gravity, g. Which of the following formulas
for P could be correct? Given d as length
and g is acceleration of gravity.

d d
P = 2p ( dg) OR
2
P = 2p OR P = 2p
g g
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Example 6
• Period, P should has dimension of time, T.
• Length of pendulum, d has dimension of length, L
• Acceleration of gravity, g has dimension of
length/time2, L/T2
d d
P(a)= 2p ( dg) P = 2p
2
P = 2p
g g
(a) We get We get We get
2 4 L L
 L  L  T2  T  T2 T
 L    4 T L L
 T  T2
T2 T2
Not Right !! Not Right !! Correct units!!
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Dimensional Analysis
If an equation is dimensionally homogeneous but its
additive terms have inconsistent unit, the terms may
be made consistent by applying conversion factors.
Example:
m m æ m ö
V =V0 + ç g 2 ´ t min ÷
s s è s ø
Apply the conversion factor
m m æ m 60s ö
V =V0 + ç g 2 ´ t min´ ÷
s s è s 1min ø
An equation is only VALID when it is dimensionally
Homogeneous and consistent in UNITS!!!
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Dimensionless Quantities
• Numbers, e.g.. : 2, 1.3, 5/2 are dimensionless.
• In addition, a multiplicative combination of
variables with no net dimensions. E.g. Reynolds
number, Re (used to help predict similar flow
patterns) is also dimensionless.

M L
´ ´L Density, ρ = (g/cm3) = (M/L3)
rud L T
3 Velocity, u = (cm/s) = (L/T)
Re = =
m M Diameter, d = (cm) = (L)
Viscosity, μ = (g/cm.s) = (M/L.T)
L.T
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Example 7
An equation to express the Boltzmann’s constant is given as follows.
Nb -V ´ g ´ h
ln =
N a (u 2 - u1 ) ´ k ´ T
Where: Nb and Na = Number of particles, V = Volume, g = Gravitational
acceleration, h = Distance, υ2 and υ1 = Specific volume, T = Absolute
temperature, and k = Boltzmann’s constant with the unit of J/K.

Determine whether the equation is dimensionally homogenous

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EXAMPLE 8
The reaction rate constant, k depends on the temperature, T as given
below in the Arrhenius equation.
 mol    10,000 
k 3   1.21  10 5
exp 
 dm . min   8.314T 
The units of the quantity 10,000 are J/mol, and T is in K (kelvin). What are
the units of 1.21 X 105 and 8.314?
mol
1.21´105
dm3 .min
æ J ö
ç ÷
exp ç mol ÷ = unitless
çç J ´ K ÷÷
è mol.K ø
J
8.314
mol.K
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Homework!
Attempt Tutorial 1:
Basic Concepts (Part 1)