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converter And
Digital to analog converter
1 1
AD/DA CONVERTER
Circuit analysis to find
V out
If binary input is 0001
150KΩ
Vout = Vref X AV
= 3V X 0.1333
= 0.4V
36
Continue
If binary input is 0110
RT = R2//R3 = 25KΩ
Vout = Vref X AV
= 3V X 0.8
= 2.4V
37
Calculate
If binary input is 1100
R3 = 37.5KΩ, R4=18.75 RF = 20KΩ, Vref = 3V
RT = R3//R4 =
12.5KΩ
Voltage Gain (AV) = RF = 20KΩ = 1.6
RT 12.5KΩ
Vout = Vref X AV
= 3V X 1.6
= 4.8
13 38
Simply that we can see the resulting output is shown
in the table below
Decimal
Vout (V)
D Digit input A
al B
C
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0.4
2 0 0 1 0 0.8
3 0 0 1 1 1.2
4 0 1 0 0 1.6
5 0 1 0 1 2.0
6 0 1 1 0 2.4
7 0 1 1 1 2.8
8 1 0 0 0 3.2
9 1 0 0 1 3.6
10 1 0 1 0 4.0
11 1 0 1 1 4.4
12 1 1 0 0 4.8
13 1 1 0 1 5.2
14 1 1 1 0 5.6
15 1 1 1 1 6.0
Examples
1:
ii. When input 1112
i. When input 012
First convert 012 to decimal
numbe First convert 112 to decimal
number
01 1112
11 710
2
0
A B C D
Rf
2R 2 2
2R
R R
-
R R R
+
2R
VOUT
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 =0.3125
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
Resolution Percentages (%)
Formula
% Resolution = Step X 100%
Size Full
Scale
Full Scale = Number Of Step x Step Size
% Resolution = 1 x 100%
Number Of Step
= 1 x 100%
2n - 1
Examples 1
A 4-bits DAC has a step size 10mV. Determine the full scale output voltage and
the resolution percentages.
Method 1
Number of = 2n – 1
step = 24– 1
= 16– 1
= 15
= 10mV x
100% 150mV
= 6.67%
Method 2
% resolution = 1 x 100%
Number Of Step
= 1 x 100%
2n – 1
= 1 x 100%
24 - 1
= 1 x 100%
15
= 6.67%
Example 2:
10000000 12810
Actually, this settling time measured at the time of digital to analog converter
output was completed in the range of 1/2 step size full-scale.
Usually the settling time for current digital to analog converter is shorter
than the settling time voltage digital to analog converter.
Examples
If the digital to analog converter has 10mV resolution. The settling time is
measured at fixed output time at 5mV full-scale range.
OFFSET VOLTAGE
Digital to analog converter ideal output is 0V when the binary input is all '0 '.
Most of DAC has external offset adjustment that will adjust to 0V as required.
Examples
4-bit digital to analog converter has an offset error +2 mV and 100mV step size.
Examples
Vout Vout
Vout
AUTOMOTIC TESTING
The conversion is done by the ADC. DAC is then used to convert digitized
data into an analog at one point in a time to reconstruct the original
signal.
This usages can be seen in the 'digital storage oscilloscope "or digital
audio tape recording
A / D CONVERSION
62
Questio
ns
65