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2.

0 STATES OF MATTER
OVERVIEW 3. SOLID
1. GAS
a) State properties of solid
a) Define gas law
b) Explain the process of
i) Boyle’s Law 2. LIQUID
i) freezing (solidification)
ii) Charles’s Law a) Explain properties of liquid ii) melting (fusion)
iii) Avogadro’s Law i) shape iii) sublimation
iv) Dalton’s Law ii) volume iv) deposition
b) Sketch and interpret the graph of iii) surface tension c) Define amorphous and
Boyle’s Law and Charles’s Law
iv) viscosity crystalline solid
c) Perform calculation using
v) compressibility d) State the following type of
involving gas laws, ideal gas laws
crystalline solid with example
and Daltons law vi) diffusion
i) metallic
d) Explain the assumptions of b) Explain vaporisation and
Kinetic molecular theory of condensation process based ii) ionic
gases for an ideal gas on kinetic molecular theory iii) molecular covalent
e) Explain ideal and non-ideal and intermolecular forces
iv) giant covalent
behavoiur of gases on terms of c) Define vapour pressure and
intermolecular forces and molecular boiling point
volume
d) Relate
f) State the condition at which real
gas approaches the ideal i) intermolecular forces
behaviour to Vapour pressure
1
g) Explain Van der waals equation ii) V. pressure to B.point
The induction set …

The earth’s atmosphere (air) is colorless and 2


We live at the bottom of an ocean of air
odorless mixture
The induction set …

THE components in our AIR

3
The induction set …

The chemistry of this mixture of gases has


become a source of great interest because of
the detrimental effects of environmental
4
pollution (FOTOCHEMICAL SMOG)
Three STATES OF MATTER
Three States of Matter

The physical properties of a substance often depend on


5
its state.
STATES OF MATTER

2.1 Gas

Although the chemical behavior


of a gas depends on its
compositions, all gas have
remarkably similar physical
behavior.

6
PRESSURE OF A GAS

Pressure exerted by a gas is caused by


the collision of the gas molecules with the 7

walls of the container


Gas exert pressure on all surfaces which
they make contact

Pinside = Poutside Pinside < Poutside 8


Pressure decreases with altitude

10 miles 0.2 atm

4 miles 0.5 atm

At Sea level, P = 1 atm

9
UNIT OF PRESSURE

Force
Pressure =
Area

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg


= 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
11
= 101.325 kPa
seksa…
.
Wow!
seksi..!

14
High Heel Shoes
Extensively high heels; 2
inches or more, push Lower back pain
the center of the body
15
forward
High–heeled shoes exert
much pressure than that
of flat shoes!

Force
Pressure =
Area

 Small area (high heel shoes)


cause high pressure
16
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, student should be able to :
(a) Define gas laws
(i) Boyle’s Law
Combined gas law
(ii) Charles’s Law
(iii) Avogadro’s Law
(b) Sketch and interpret the graphs of Boyle’s and
Charles’s laws
(c) Perform calculations involving gas law

17
THE GAS LAWS

The physical behavior of gas can be described


by four variables:

Pressure (P)
Boyle’s law
Volume (V)
Charles’s law

Temperature (T) Avogadro’s law

Amount Ideal gas law


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(number of moles) (n)
BAROMETER

Most familiar instrument for measuring


atmospheric pressure

mercury
A simple barometer
consists of a long glass
tube, closed at one end
and filled with mercury

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Pressure of gas
Opened end (P atm)

Closed
H (PHg)

end

PGas

Closed end
mercury
P gas = P atm + h

As Pgas (h) increases V decreases 20


BOYLE’S LAWS
At constant temperature, the volume occupied
by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional
to the applied (external) pressure

P a 1/V ( T and n fixed )

P x V = constant

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

21
Robert Boyle (1627-1691). British chemist and natural philosopher
a) Boyle’s Law

Graph of pressure(P) vs volume (V) has the


following shape :

pressure is inversely
proportional to volume

V
22
P a 1/V P x V = constant
a) Boyle’s Law
Graph of pressure vs 1 has the following shape :
volume
P

pressure is directly
proportional to 1/volume

1
V

23
P a 1/V P x V = constant
a) Boyle’s Law

Graph of PV vs pressure has the following shape :

PV

PV = constant

24
P a 1/V P x V = constant
Example EXAMPLE – 02

A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 ml


at a pressure of 726 mmHg. Calculate the pressure of
the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced to 154 ml
at constant temperature ?

P1V1 = P2V2

ANS: 25
4460 mmHg
Ans: EXAMPLE – 02

Using Boyle’s law:

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

n , T constant

P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL

P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL


P2 = =
V2 154 mL
ANS: = 4460 mmHg 26
4460 mmHg
CHARLES’S LAWS

At constant pressure, the volume occupied


by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature

VaT ( P and n fixed )

V = constant
T T in Kelvin (K)!

V1 V2
=
T1 T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15

Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles (1746-1823). French physicist.


28
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). Scottish mathematician and physicist.
Variation of gas volume with temperature
at constant pressure

= 0 K ( Kelvin)
= absolute zero

P1,…P4 are
various gases

VaT (P and n fixed)

29
b) Charles’s Law
Relationship between can be graphically
volume-temperature shown as follows :

V
VaT V
V = constant
T

0 T(K) -273.15
T(0C)

Click here for Charles video 2 31


VaT

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As T increases V increases
EXAMPLE – 03
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies
3.20 L at 125 oC. At what temperature will the
gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure
remains constant?

V1 V2

T1 T2
ANS: 33
192 K
Ans: EXAMPLE – 03

Using Charles’s law:

V1/T1 = V2/T2

n , P constant
V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L

T1 = (125 + 273.15) K T2 = ?
= 398.15 K

V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = =
V1 3.20 L
ANS: = 192 K 34
192 K
EXERCISE – 03

What is the effect of the following on the volume


of 1 mol of an ideal gas?
a) The temperature decreased from 700 K to
350 K (at constant P).
b) The temperature is increased from 350oC
to 700oC (at constant P).

ANS:
a) Volume is reduced by a factor of 2
35
b) Volume is increased by a factor of 0.5
EXAMPLE – 04
A sample of a gas has a pressure of 850 torr
at 285oC. To what oC temperature must
the gas be heated to double its pressure if
there is no change in the volume of the gas?

ANS: 39
843.15 oC
Ans: EXAMPLE – 04
P1 = 850 torr P2 = 850 torr x 2

T1 = ( 285 + 273.15 )K = 1700 torr

= 558.15 K T2 = ?

P1 P2 850 torr 1700 torr


= n , V fixed =
T1 T2 558.15 K T2

T2 = 1116.3 K
= ( 1116.3 – 273.15 )oC
ANS: = 843.15 oC 40
843.15 oC
EXERCISE – 06

What is the effect of the following on the volume


of 1 mol of an ideal gas?
a) The pressure is tripled (at constant T).
b) The absolute temperature is increased by
a factor of 2.5 (at constant P).
c) Two more moles of the gas are added
(at constant P and T).
Using Boyle’s law:
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 n , T constant
An ideal gas,
P1 = 1 atm P2 = 3
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V1 = 1L V2 = ?
COMBINED GAS LAW

Simple combination of Boyle’s and Charles’s


Law gives the combined Gas Law

VaT ( n fixed )
P

PV = constant
T

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2 43
EXAMPLE – 05

A gas initially 4.0 L, 1.2 atm, and 66oC undergoes


a change so that its final volume and temperature
become 1.7 L and 42oC. What is its final pressure?
Assume the number of moles remains unchanged.

ANS: 44
2.6 atm
Ans: EXAMPLE – 05

P1 = 1.2 atm V1 = 4.0 L P2 = ? V2 = 1.7 L


T1 = ( 66 + 273.15 )K T2 = ( 42 + 273.15 )K
= 339.15 K = 315.15 K

By using the combined law:

P1V1 P2V2
= n fixed
T1 T2

P2 = 1.2 atm x 4.0 L x 315.15 K


1.7 L x 339.15 K
ANS: 45
2.6 atm = 2.6 atm
At constant pressure and temperature,
the volume of a gas is directly proportional to
the number of moles of the gas present

Van ( P and T fixed )

V = constant
n
V1 V2
=
n1 n2
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregua e di Cerreto (1776-1856).
48
Italian mathematical physicist.
EXAMPLE – 06
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide
(NO) and water vapor. How many liters of NO
are obtained from one liter of ammonia at the
same temperature and pressure?
V1 = V 2
n1 n2

49
ANS:1 L
Ans: EXAMPLE – 06

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

From the equation:


4 mole NH3 produces 4 mole NO

At constant T and P

4 volume NH3 produces 4 volume NO


1 volume NH3 produces 1 volume NO
Thus, 1 liter NH3 produces 1 liter NO

50
EXERCISE – 09
A scale model of a blimp rises when it is filled
with helium to a volume of 55.0 dm3.
When 1.10 mol of He is added to the blimp,
the volume is 26.2 dm3. How many more grams
of He must be added to make it rise?
Assume constant T and P.

Vocabulary: blimp
small non–rigid air craft
V1 = V 2
n1 n2

ANS: 56
4.84 g He
Conclusion Complete the table below :

Boyle’s Charles’s Avogadro’s law


law Law

Definition For a fixed amount of gas at For a fixed amount of At constant P and T,
a constant T, gas volume is gas at a constant P, the the volume of a gas
inversely proportional to gas gas volume is directly is directly
pressure proportional to the proportional to the
temperature (in Kelvin) number of moles of
the gas present
Formula V1 = V2 V1 = V 2
P1V1 = P2V2 T1 = T2 n1 = n2

Graph a) P vs V a) V vs T(K)
b) P vs 1/V b) V vs T(0C)
c) PV vs P
59
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

(d) Derive the ideal gas law.


Perform calculations using ideal gas equation.
(e) Define and perform calculation using Dalton’s Law

60
IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law Avogadro’s Law

V a 1 V a T V a n
P
Combination of those 3 laws :
Tn
V a Where R : gas constant
P
= 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 @
PV a nT 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1
PV = nRT

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SOLVING GAS LAW PROBLEMS

Variables: P , V , n , T

Two main types:

A change in one of the four variables cause


a change in another; while the two or one
remaining variables are constant

Use individual gas law!

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EXAMPLE:

P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Boyle’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2

P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Amonton’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2

P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Avogadro’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2

P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Combined Gas Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
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One variable is unknown, but the
three are known and no change occurs

Use Ideal Gas Law!


PV = nRT

64
EXAMPLE – 09
A sample of nitrogen has a volume of 880 mL
and a pressure of 740 torr. What pressure
will change the volume to 870 mL at the same
temperature?

ANS: 65
749 torr
EXAMPLE – 10
Anesthetic gas is normally given to a patient
when the room temperature is 20.0oC and the
patient’s body temperature is 37oC.
What would this temperature change do
to 1.60 L of gas if the pressure and mass
stay constant.

ANS: 67
1.69 L
EXAMPLE – 11
A sample of argon is trapped in a gas bulb
at a pressure of 760 torr when the volume is
100 mL and the temperature is 35oC.
What must it temperature be (in oC) if its
pressure becomes 720 torr and its volume
200 mL?

ANS:
69
311oC
EXAMPLE – 12

What is the volume of CO2 produced at 37o C and


1.00 atm when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in
the reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

ANS:
4.76 L

71
EXERCISE – 10
A gas has a volume of 255 mL at 725 torr.
What volume will the gas occupy at 365 torr
if the temperature doesn’t change?

ANS: 74
507 mL
EXERCISE – 11
A gas has a volume of 3.86 L at a temperature
of 45oC. What will the volume of the gas be if its
temperature raised to 80oC while its pressure
kept constant?

ANS:
4.28 L 75
EXERCISE – 12
An inflated balloon has a volume of 6.0 L at
sea level (1.0 atm) and is allowed to ascend in
altitude until the pressure is 0.45 atm.
During ascent the temperature falls from
22oC to –21oC.
Calculate the volume of the balloon at its
final attitude.

ANS: 76
11 L
EXERCISE – 13
In one lab, the gas collecting apparatus used
a gas bulb with a volume of 250 mL.
How many grams of Na2CO3(s) would needed
to prepare enough CO2(g) to fill this bulb to
a pressure of 738 torr at a temperature of 23oC?
The equation is:
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g)
+ H2O(l)

ANS:
77
1.06 g Na2CO3
FURTHER APPLICATION
OF IDEAL GAS EQUATION
For the calculation of:
Densities, ρ

ideal gas equation can be used to determine:


Densities, ρ Presure of gas, P
Molar mass of gas Temperature,T
78
REMAINDER

Ideal gas
obey the ideal gas equation
CHECK the unit when calculate : P,
V, R and T,

79
Units for pressure, volume, universal
gas constant and temperature

Pressure, Volume, Gas constant, Temperature,


P V R T

Pa @ Nm-2 m3 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 K

atm dm3 K
0.0821 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1

80
From ideal gas equation, we can write:

PV
R 
nT
1 atm x 22.414 L

1 mol x 273.15 K
L atm
= 0.082057
K mol
= 0.082057 L atm K-1 mol-1

81
ACTIVITY – 01

The numerical value of R corresponds to the


gas variables P, V and T expressed in their
units. R has a different numerical value when
different units are used:
R = 0.08206 L atm mol–1K–1
= 8.314 m3 Pa mol–1K–1 ( 8.314 J mol–1K–1 )
= 62.36 L torr mol–1K–1
Show the calculation how to get the values above.
Note:
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa
82
–3
1 L = 10 m 3
Ans: ACTIVITY – 01
a)
At STP,
P = 1 atm V = 22.414 L n = 1 mol T = 273.15 K (0 oC)

PV = nRT
PV
R =
nT
(1 atm) (22.414L)
=
(1 mol) (273.15 K)

= 0.08206 L atm mol–1 K–1

83
Ans: ACTIVITY – 01
b) At STP,
P = 1 atm = 101325 Pa
V = 22.414 L = 22.414 x 10–3 m3
n = 1 mol T = 273.15 K (0 oC)

PV = nRT
PV
R =
nT
(101325 Pa) (22.414 x 10–3 m3)
=
(1 mol) (273.15 K)

= 8.314 m3 Pa mol–1 K–1


( 8.314 J mol–1 K–1 ) 84
Ans: ACTIVITY – 01

b) At STP,
P = 1 atm = 760 torr
V = 22.414 L n = 1 mol T = 273.15 K (0 oC)

PV = nRT
PV
R =
nT
(760 torr) (22.414L)
=
(1 mol) (273.15 K)

= 62.36 torr L mol–1 K–1

85
EXAMPLE – 13
Example

P? V
What is the pressure in a 200 cm3 vessel
mass
if 12 g of methane gas is heated to a
temperature of 40°C?
T
Mr methane

86
EXERCISE – 14
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. A 0.050 g
sample of dry ice is placed in an evacuated
4.6 L vessel at 30oC.
Calculate the pressure inside the vessel after
all the dry ice has been converted to CO2 gas.
CO2(s)  CO2(g)

ANS: 88
6.1 x 10–3 atm
Density AND Molar Mass OF
GASEOUS SUBSTANCE
PV = nRT

n
=
P n = m
V RT M
m = P
m
MV RT ρ =
v
mRT ρRT
M = or M =
PV P
m : Mass of the gas in g
M : Molar mass of the gas (Unit: g/mol)
ρ : Density of gas 89
EXAMPLE – 14
An organic chemist isolates from a petroleum
sample a colorless liquid with properties of
cyclohexane (C6H12). He obtains the following
data to determine its molar mass (M):

Volume of sample gas = 213 mL


Mass sample gas(m) = 0.582 g
T = 100.0oC P = 754 torr

Is the calculated molar mass consistent with


the liquid being cyclohexane?
90
Example EXAMPLE – 15
A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow
compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that its
density is 7.71 g L-1 at 36°C and 2.88 atm. Calculate
the molar mass of the compound.

92
EXERCISE – 15
A series of measurements are made in order to
determine the molar mass of an unknown gas.
First, a large flask is evacuated and found to
weigh 134.567 g. It is then filled with the gas
to a pressure of 735 torr at 31oC and reweighed;
its mass now 137.456 g. Finally, the flask is filled
with water at 31oC and found to weigh 1067.9 g.
(The density of water at this temperature is
0.997 g/mL).
Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.

94
PARTIAL PRESSURES

Pressures of individual gas components


in the gas mixture
PA PB PTotal

Gas A Gas B Mixture95


Gas A & B
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

In a mixture of unreacting gases, the total


pressure is the sum of the partial pressures
of the individual gases

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ……..

EXAMPLE:

Ptotal = PN + PHe + PAr


2

96
John Dalton (1766-1844). English chemist, mathematician, and philosopher
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B,
are in a container of volume V

Gas A Gas B

Volume of
container = V

According to ideal gas equation :


pressure exerted by gas A = PA = n ART
V
pressure exerted by gas B = PB = nBRT
V
in the mixture of gases A and B :

total pressure= partial pressure A + partial pressure B

PT = PA + PB

= n ART nBRT

V V n TRT
 PT =
V
when nA + nB = nT

98
partial pressure of A is also given by :

PA = XA PT

where XA = mole fraction of gas A in the mixture

X A= nA
nT

99
EXAMPLE – 16
A gaseous mixture made from 6.00 g O2 and
9.00 g CH4 is placed in a 15.0–L vessel at 0oC.
What is the partial pressure of each gas, and
what is the total pressure in the vessel?

100
EXERCISE – 16
What is the total pressure exerted by a mixture
of 2.00 g of H2 and 8.00 g of N2 at 273 K in
a 10.0–L vessel.

ANS: 104
2.86 atm
EXAMPLE– –2317
EXAMPLE 2.1

A mixture of gases contains 4.46 mol of neon


(Ne), 0.74 mol of argon (Ar), and 2.15 mol of
Xenon (Xe). Calculate the partial pressures of
each gas if the total pressure is 2.000 atm at a
certain temperature.

105
EXERCISE – 17
From the data gathered by Voyager 1, scientists
have estimated the composition of the atmosphere
of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon.
The total pressure on the surface of
Titan is 1220 torr. The atmosphere consists
82.0 mol percent N2, 12.0 mol percent Ar, and
6.0 mol percent CH4. Calculate the partial
pressure of each of these gases in Titan’s
atmosphere.
ANS:
1.0 x 103 torr N2
1.5 x 102 torr Ar 109
73 torr CH4
EXAMPLE– –2418
EXAMPLE 2.1

A mixture of gases contains 12.47 g of N2,


1.98 g of H2, and 8.15 g of NH3. If the total
pressure of the mixture is 1.56 atm, what is
the partial pressure of each component?

ANS:

P N2 = 0.37 atm

P H2 = 0.80 atm
110
PNH3 = 0.39 atm
EXERCISE – 18
A mixture of noble gases consisting of 5.50g
of He, 15.0 g of Ne, and 35.0 g of Kr is placed
in a piston-cylinder assembly at STP.
Calculate the partial pressure of each gas.

115
COLLECTING A GAS OVER WATER

EXAMPLE:

When KClO3 is heated, it decomposes to KCl and O2 gas

2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Assumption:
The gas does not react with
water and it is not soluble in it

Ptotal = PO + PH O
2 2

PH O : pressure of water vapor


2

( at 25oC = 23.76 mmHg )


EXAMPLE – 19
Consider the reaction below:
2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

A sample of 5.45 liters of oxygen is collected


over water at a pressure of 735.5 torr and at a
temperature of 25oC. How many grams of
oxygen have been collected?
At 25oC, the vapor pressure of water
= 23.8 torr
EXERCISE – 19
Automobile air bags respond to a collision of a preset
strength by electrically triggering the explosive
decomposition of sodium azide (NaN3)to its elements.
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
In an industrial lab simulation, 135 mL of N2 gas
was collected over water at 25oC and 755 torr.
How many grams of sodium azide decomposed?

PH O at 25oC = 23.8 torr


2
Excercise EXERCISE – 19
1) How many moles of oxygen gas are there in a 20.0L tank
at 270C if the pressure gauge reads 900 torr?
(ans:2.40mole)

2) Calculate the molar mass of butane gas, if 3.69g of the


gas occupy 1.53L at 293K and 1 atm? (ans:58gmol-1)

3) What is the density of N2 gas at s.t.p? (ans:1.25gL-1)

4) Consider the reaction below:


2KClO3 (s) 2KCl(aq) + 3O2(g)
A sample of 5.45L of oxygen is collected over water at a
total pressure of 735.5 torr at 250C. How many grams of
oxygen have been collected?. (at 250C, the vapour
123
pressure of water is 23.8 torr) (ans:6.69g)
Conclusion Ideal Gas Equation

PV = nRT
We can rearranged the Ideal Gas
Equation to several equation

V = nRT PV = nRT
 = PMr
P RT
P = nRT n = PV
V RT

Mass = PV.Mr C= P
Mr = mass. RT
RT RT
PV 124
Conclusion Daltons’s Law

The total pressure of mixture of nonreacting gases is the sum of


the partial pressures exerted by each of the gas in the mixture

PT = PA + PB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

PT = n ART nBRT
n 
X A= A V V
nT
 PT = n TRT
when nA + nB = nT
V 125
LEARNING OUTCOME
(f) Explain qualitatively the basic assumptions of
the kinetic molecular theory of gases for an ideal
gas
(g) Explain the ideal and non-ideal behaviours of
gases in terms of intermolecular forces and
molecular volume.
State the conditions at which real gases
approach the ideal behaviour.
(h) Explain qualitatively van der Waals equation

126
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES

 describes the behaviour of an ideal gas


ideal gas: gases which obey the ideal gas equation
(PV = nRT), Boyle’s law and Charles’s law.

4 basic assumptions (postulate):

The molecules of gas is extremely small compared


with volume of container
 molecules having mass but no volume

volume of gas molecule is negligible


Gas molecules are in constant and random motion
 they frequently collide each other
 no energy loss, total kinetic energy is constant
 molecules do not influence each other
Collisions among gas molecule are elastic

Gas molecules do not attract or repulse one another


intermolecular forces between the gas
molecules is negligible

When temperature increases, the average kinetic energy


increases

Average kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to


temperature of gas (in K)
Distribution of Molecular Speeds
At Three Temperature
Self–STUDY – 02
Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain
the following gas law:
a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’s law
c) Dalton’s law of partial pressure
d) Avogadro’s law
Self–STUDY – 04 – 02
Ans: Self–STUDY 2.1

a) Boyle’s law

When external pressure ↑, the gas pressure have to be ↑


Volume ↓ ☞ collision ↑ P a 1/V
Self–STUDY
Ans: – 04– 02
Self–STUDY 2.1

b) Charles’s law

When temperature↑, the gas pressure ↑


Gas pressure have to be ↓ ☞ V↑ VaT
Self–STUDY
Ans: – 04
Self–STUDY – 02 2.1

c) Dalton’s law of partial pressure

Gas molecules do not influence one another


before or after mixing
Self–STUDY
Ans: – 04– 02
Self–STUDY 2.1

d) Avogadro’s law

When mole ↑, the gas pressure ↑


Pressure have to be ↓ ☞ V ↑ Van
IDEAL GAS vs REAL GAS BEHAVIOUR
Ideal gas Real gas
Molecules of gas has Molecules of gas do occupy
negligible volume some space
depends on size of atoms
and bond lengths
Molecules of gas do not There are attractive and
attract / repulse one repulsive force among
another molecules
intermolecular forces of  intermolecular interaction
gas molecule is negligible

Obey ideal gas equation Obey Van Der Waals equation


n2a
PV = n R T P + (V – nb) = nRT
135
V2
DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOUR

 ideal gas : gases which obey ideal gas equation


 real gas : gases which do not obey ideal gas equation
: also known as non-ideal gas
 however, real gas obeys ideal gas behaviour at :

a) Low pressure

b) High temperature

136
Plot of PV/RT versus the Pressure(P) of
1 mole of Various Gases at 273 K(0oC)
CH4
PV N2
H2
RT
NH3
Ideal gas
1.0

P / atm
5 atm

When P↑
deviation from ideal behavior ↑
Plot of PV/RT versus the Pressure(P) of
1 mole of N2 at Various Temperature
PV 293 K
RT 203 K

673 K

1000 K
1.0 Ideal gas

P / atm

When T ↓ and P↑

deviation from ideal behavior ↑


Condition of Ideal gas;
low pressure
high temperature

139
Gas behaves almost ideally at very
low pressure

P very low  by increasing V


gas molecules far apart

intermolecular force negligible

volume of gas molecules negligible

obey kinetic–molecular theory


the gas behave ideally
Gas behaves almost ideally at
high temperature

high T  high kinetic energy

free from attractive force

intermolecular force is negligible

obey kinetic–molecular theory

the gas behave ideally


Deviation from Ideal Behaviour

at high pressure :
 when a gas is compressed the volume of
container is decreased
 gas molecules now occupy sizable portion of
the container (volume of gas molecules are not
negligible)
 deviate from ideal gas behaviour

IN IDEAL GAS: gas molecules consist of tiny


molecules and occupy no space at all. Volume of gas
molecules are negligible.
142
(VOLUME INCREASE, LOW PRESSURE)
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour
When volume of container is reduced :
 the distance between gas molecules getting
closer
 the intermolecular force (attraction
/repulsion) now become significant
  deviate from ideal gas behaviour
~ no intermolecular forces between gas
molecules (IDEAL GAS)

143
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour

At lower temperature,
the kinetic energy of the gas molecules become
weaker
 the attractive forces become significant

144
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION
To describe real gas behavior
condition of real gas, HIGH pressure LOW temperature
VDW equation is modified from ideal gas
equation which consider the deviations of real gas
Preal gas < Pideal gas
V real gas > V ideal gas

n2a
P + (V – nb) = nRT
V2
Johannes Diderck van der Waals (1837-1923). Dutch physicist

‘a’ is a constant which corrects for the


attractive forces between gas molecules
‘b’ is a constant which corrects the
volume of gas molecules
Preal gas< Pideal gas

In real gas,

The attractive force slow down


the movement of molecules
less collision with wall
lower pressure exert compare
to ideal gas situation
(ideal gas  no attraction at all)

large values of ‘a’ indicate strong


attractive forces

Pideal = P real+ n2a


V2
Vreal gas > Videal gas

nb

Excluded volume (nb) :


The volume occupied by molecules by which restricted
their movement
 depends on number(‘n’) and size of molecules(‘b’)

V ideal = V real – nb

large values of ‘b’ indicate larger gas molecule


Van der Waals Constants for
Some Common Gases
ACTIVITY – 02
Calculate the pressure exerted by 4.37 moles
of molecular chlorine confined in a volume of
2.45 L at 38oC. Compare the pressure with the
calculated by the ideal gas equation.
( a = 6.49 atm•L2•mol–2
b = 0.0562 L•mol–1 )

Ans: 30.0 atm, 45.5 atm using the ideal gas equation
Ans: ACTIVITY – 02
Ideal gas

By using ideal gas equation:

PV = nRT
nRT
P =
V
= 4.37 mol x 0.08206 atm●Lmol–1K–1 x 311 K
2.45 L
= 45.5 atm (ideal gas)
Ans: ACTIVITY – 02
Real gas

By using Van der Waals gas equation:


n2a (V – nb) = nRT
P +
V2
Adjustment of pressure:
n2a 4.372 mol2 x 6.49 atm•L2•mol–2
=
V2 2.452 L2
= 20.648 atm
Adjustment of volume:
nb = 4.37 mol x 0.0562 L•mol–1)
= 0.246 L
Ans: ACTIVITY – 02
Real gas
By using Van der Waals gas equation:
n2a (V – nb) = nRT
P +
V2

n2a nb = 0.246 L
= 20.648 atm
V2
( P + 20.648 atm) ( 2.45 L – 0.246 L) =
4.37 mol x 0.08206 atm●Lmol–1K–1 x 311 K

( P + 20.648 atm) = 50.601 atm


P = 30.0 atm (real gas)
Van der Waal’s Equation
Combining both factors into the ideal gas equation
PV = nRT

Pideal = Preal + n2 a V ideal== V


Veffective real – nb
Vcontainer - nb
V2

2
(Preal + n a ) (V real – nb) = nRT
V2
Known as Van der Waals equation 154
Excercise EXERCISE – 20

1) What a the assumption of the Kinetic Molecular theory


of the gases?

2) State 2 condition at which a real gas behave as an


ideal gas

3) Stating reason, give an example of a gas that can


behave as an ideal gas

4) Describe the differences between the ideal gas


equation and the van der waals equation

155
End of the slide

156

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