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0 STATES OF MATTER
OVERVIEW 3. SOLID
1. GAS
a) State properties of solid
a) Define gas law
b) Explain the process of
i) Boyle’s Law 2. LIQUID
i) freezing (solidification)
ii) Charles’s Law a) Explain properties of liquid ii) melting (fusion)
iii) Avogadro’s Law i) shape iii) sublimation
iv) Dalton’s Law ii) volume iv) deposition
b) Sketch and interpret the graph of iii) surface tension c) Define amorphous and
Boyle’s Law and Charles’s Law
iv) viscosity crystalline solid
c) Perform calculation using
v) compressibility d) State the following type of
involving gas laws, ideal gas laws
crystalline solid with example
and Daltons law vi) diffusion
i) metallic
d) Explain the assumptions of b) Explain vaporisation and
Kinetic molecular theory of condensation process based ii) ionic
gases for an ideal gas on kinetic molecular theory iii) molecular covalent
e) Explain ideal and non-ideal and intermolecular forces
iv) giant covalent
behavoiur of gases on terms of c) Define vapour pressure and
intermolecular forces and molecular boiling point
volume
d) Relate
f) State the condition at which real
gas approaches the ideal i) intermolecular forces
behaviour to Vapour pressure
1
g) Explain Van der waals equation ii) V. pressure to B.point
The induction set …
3
The induction set …
2.1 Gas
6
PRESSURE OF A GAS
9
UNIT OF PRESSURE
Force
Pressure =
Area
14
High Heel Shoes
Extensively high heels; 2
inches or more, push Lower back pain
the center of the body
15
forward
High–heeled shoes exert
much pressure than that
of flat shoes!
Force
Pressure =
Area
17
THE GAS LAWS
Pressure (P)
Boyle’s law
Volume (V)
Charles’s law
mercury
A simple barometer
consists of a long glass
tube, closed at one end
and filled with mercury
19
Pressure of gas
Opened end (P atm)
Closed
H (PHg)
end
PGas
Closed end
mercury
P gas = P atm + h
P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
21
Robert Boyle (1627-1691). British chemist and natural philosopher
a) Boyle’s Law
pressure is inversely
proportional to volume
V
22
P a 1/V P x V = constant
a) Boyle’s Law
Graph of pressure vs 1 has the following shape :
volume
P
pressure is directly
proportional to 1/volume
1
V
23
P a 1/V P x V = constant
a) Boyle’s Law
PV
PV = constant
24
P a 1/V P x V = constant
Example EXAMPLE – 02
P1V1 = P2V2
ANS: 25
4460 mmHg
Ans: EXAMPLE – 02
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
n , T constant
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL
V = constant
T T in Kelvin (K)!
V1 V2
=
T1 T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15
= 0 K ( Kelvin)
= absolute zero
P1,…P4 are
various gases
29
b) Charles’s Law
Relationship between can be graphically
volume-temperature shown as follows :
V
VaT V
V = constant
T
0 T(K) -273.15
T(0C)
32
As T increases V increases
EXAMPLE – 03
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies
3.20 L at 125 oC. At what temperature will the
gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure
remains constant?
V1 V2
T1 T2
ANS: 33
192 K
Ans: EXAMPLE – 03
V1/T1 = V2/T2
n , P constant
V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = (125 + 273.15) K T2 = ?
= 398.15 K
V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = =
V1 3.20 L
ANS: = 192 K 34
192 K
EXERCISE – 03
ANS:
a) Volume is reduced by a factor of 2
35
b) Volume is increased by a factor of 0.5
EXAMPLE – 04
A sample of a gas has a pressure of 850 torr
at 285oC. To what oC temperature must
the gas be heated to double its pressure if
there is no change in the volume of the gas?
ANS: 39
843.15 oC
Ans: EXAMPLE – 04
P1 = 850 torr P2 = 850 torr x 2
= 558.15 K T2 = ?
T2 = 1116.3 K
= ( 1116.3 – 273.15 )oC
ANS: = 843.15 oC 40
843.15 oC
EXERCISE – 06
VaT ( n fixed )
P
PV = constant
T
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2 43
EXAMPLE – 05
ANS: 44
2.6 atm
Ans: EXAMPLE – 05
P1V1 P2V2
= n fixed
T1 T2
V = constant
n
V1 V2
=
n1 n2
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregua e di Cerreto (1776-1856).
48
Italian mathematical physicist.
EXAMPLE – 06
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide
(NO) and water vapor. How many liters of NO
are obtained from one liter of ammonia at the
same temperature and pressure?
V1 = V 2
n1 n2
49
ANS:1 L
Ans: EXAMPLE – 06
At constant T and P
50
EXERCISE – 09
A scale model of a blimp rises when it is filled
with helium to a volume of 55.0 dm3.
When 1.10 mol of He is added to the blimp,
the volume is 26.2 dm3. How many more grams
of He must be added to make it rise?
Assume constant T and P.
Vocabulary: blimp
small non–rigid air craft
V1 = V 2
n1 n2
ANS: 56
4.84 g He
Conclusion Complete the table below :
Definition For a fixed amount of gas at For a fixed amount of At constant P and T,
a constant T, gas volume is gas at a constant P, the the volume of a gas
inversely proportional to gas gas volume is directly is directly
pressure proportional to the proportional to the
temperature (in Kelvin) number of moles of
the gas present
Formula V1 = V2 V1 = V 2
P1V1 = P2V2 T1 = T2 n1 = n2
Graph a) P vs V a) V vs T(K)
b) P vs 1/V b) V vs T(0C)
c) PV vs P
59
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
60
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
V a 1 V a T V a n
P
Combination of those 3 laws :
Tn
V a Where R : gas constant
P
= 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 @
PV a nT 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1
PV = nRT
61
SOLVING GAS LAW PROBLEMS
Variables: P , V , n , T
62
EXAMPLE:
P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Boyle’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Amonton’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Avogadro’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Combined Gas Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
63
One variable is unknown, but the
three are known and no change occurs
64
EXAMPLE – 09
A sample of nitrogen has a volume of 880 mL
and a pressure of 740 torr. What pressure
will change the volume to 870 mL at the same
temperature?
ANS: 65
749 torr
EXAMPLE – 10
Anesthetic gas is normally given to a patient
when the room temperature is 20.0oC and the
patient’s body temperature is 37oC.
What would this temperature change do
to 1.60 L of gas if the pressure and mass
stay constant.
ANS: 67
1.69 L
EXAMPLE – 11
A sample of argon is trapped in a gas bulb
at a pressure of 760 torr when the volume is
100 mL and the temperature is 35oC.
What must it temperature be (in oC) if its
pressure becomes 720 torr and its volume
200 mL?
ANS:
69
311oC
EXAMPLE – 12
ANS:
4.76 L
71
EXERCISE – 10
A gas has a volume of 255 mL at 725 torr.
What volume will the gas occupy at 365 torr
if the temperature doesn’t change?
ANS: 74
507 mL
EXERCISE – 11
A gas has a volume of 3.86 L at a temperature
of 45oC. What will the volume of the gas be if its
temperature raised to 80oC while its pressure
kept constant?
ANS:
4.28 L 75
EXERCISE – 12
An inflated balloon has a volume of 6.0 L at
sea level (1.0 atm) and is allowed to ascend in
altitude until the pressure is 0.45 atm.
During ascent the temperature falls from
22oC to –21oC.
Calculate the volume of the balloon at its
final attitude.
ANS: 76
11 L
EXERCISE – 13
In one lab, the gas collecting apparatus used
a gas bulb with a volume of 250 mL.
How many grams of Na2CO3(s) would needed
to prepare enough CO2(g) to fill this bulb to
a pressure of 738 torr at a temperature of 23oC?
The equation is:
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g)
+ H2O(l)
ANS:
77
1.06 g Na2CO3
FURTHER APPLICATION
OF IDEAL GAS EQUATION
For the calculation of:
Densities, ρ
Ideal gas
obey the ideal gas equation
CHECK the unit when calculate : P,
V, R and T,
79
Units for pressure, volume, universal
gas constant and temperature
atm dm3 K
0.0821 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1
80
From ideal gas equation, we can write:
PV
R
nT
1 atm x 22.414 L
1 mol x 273.15 K
L atm
= 0.082057
K mol
= 0.082057 L atm K-1 mol-1
81
ACTIVITY – 01
PV = nRT
PV
R =
nT
(1 atm) (22.414L)
=
(1 mol) (273.15 K)
83
Ans: ACTIVITY – 01
b) At STP,
P = 1 atm = 101325 Pa
V = 22.414 L = 22.414 x 10–3 m3
n = 1 mol T = 273.15 K (0 oC)
PV = nRT
PV
R =
nT
(101325 Pa) (22.414 x 10–3 m3)
=
(1 mol) (273.15 K)
b) At STP,
P = 1 atm = 760 torr
V = 22.414 L n = 1 mol T = 273.15 K (0 oC)
PV = nRT
PV
R =
nT
(760 torr) (22.414L)
=
(1 mol) (273.15 K)
85
EXAMPLE – 13
Example
P? V
What is the pressure in a 200 cm3 vessel
mass
if 12 g of methane gas is heated to a
temperature of 40°C?
T
Mr methane
86
EXERCISE – 14
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. A 0.050 g
sample of dry ice is placed in an evacuated
4.6 L vessel at 30oC.
Calculate the pressure inside the vessel after
all the dry ice has been converted to CO2 gas.
CO2(s) CO2(g)
ANS: 88
6.1 x 10–3 atm
Density AND Molar Mass OF
GASEOUS SUBSTANCE
PV = nRT
n
=
P n = m
V RT M
m = P
m
MV RT ρ =
v
mRT ρRT
M = or M =
PV P
m : Mass of the gas in g
M : Molar mass of the gas (Unit: g/mol)
ρ : Density of gas 89
EXAMPLE – 14
An organic chemist isolates from a petroleum
sample a colorless liquid with properties of
cyclohexane (C6H12). He obtains the following
data to determine its molar mass (M):
92
EXERCISE – 15
A series of measurements are made in order to
determine the molar mass of an unknown gas.
First, a large flask is evacuated and found to
weigh 134.567 g. It is then filled with the gas
to a pressure of 735 torr at 31oC and reweighed;
its mass now 137.456 g. Finally, the flask is filled
with water at 31oC and found to weigh 1067.9 g.
(The density of water at this temperature is
0.997 g/mL).
Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.
94
PARTIAL PRESSURES
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ……..
EXAMPLE:
96
John Dalton (1766-1844). English chemist, mathematician, and philosopher
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B,
are in a container of volume V
Gas A Gas B
Volume of
container = V
PT = PA + PB
= n ART nBRT
V V n TRT
PT =
V
when nA + nB = nT
98
partial pressure of A is also given by :
PA = XA PT
X A= nA
nT
99
EXAMPLE – 16
A gaseous mixture made from 6.00 g O2 and
9.00 g CH4 is placed in a 15.0–L vessel at 0oC.
What is the partial pressure of each gas, and
what is the total pressure in the vessel?
100
EXERCISE – 16
What is the total pressure exerted by a mixture
of 2.00 g of H2 and 8.00 g of N2 at 273 K in
a 10.0–L vessel.
ANS: 104
2.86 atm
EXAMPLE– –2317
EXAMPLE 2.1
105
EXERCISE – 17
From the data gathered by Voyager 1, scientists
have estimated the composition of the atmosphere
of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon.
The total pressure on the surface of
Titan is 1220 torr. The atmosphere consists
82.0 mol percent N2, 12.0 mol percent Ar, and
6.0 mol percent CH4. Calculate the partial
pressure of each of these gases in Titan’s
atmosphere.
ANS:
1.0 x 103 torr N2
1.5 x 102 torr Ar 109
73 torr CH4
EXAMPLE– –2418
EXAMPLE 2.1
ANS:
P N2 = 0.37 atm
P H2 = 0.80 atm
110
PNH3 = 0.39 atm
EXERCISE – 18
A mixture of noble gases consisting of 5.50g
of He, 15.0 g of Ne, and 35.0 g of Kr is placed
in a piston-cylinder assembly at STP.
Calculate the partial pressure of each gas.
115
COLLECTING A GAS OVER WATER
EXAMPLE:
Assumption:
The gas does not react with
water and it is not soluble in it
Ptotal = PO + PH O
2 2
PV = nRT
We can rearranged the Ideal Gas
Equation to several equation
V = nRT PV = nRT
= PMr
P RT
P = nRT n = PV
V RT
Mass = PV.Mr C= P
Mr = mass. RT
RT RT
PV 124
Conclusion Daltons’s Law
PT = PA + PB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
PT = n ART nBRT
n
X A= A V V
nT
PT = n TRT
when nA + nB = nT
V 125
LEARNING OUTCOME
(f) Explain qualitatively the basic assumptions of
the kinetic molecular theory of gases for an ideal
gas
(g) Explain the ideal and non-ideal behaviours of
gases in terms of intermolecular forces and
molecular volume.
State the conditions at which real gases
approach the ideal behaviour.
(h) Explain qualitatively van der Waals equation
126
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’s law
d) Avogadro’s law
a) Low pressure
b) High temperature
136
Plot of PV/RT versus the Pressure(P) of
1 mole of Various Gases at 273 K(0oC)
CH4
PV N2
H2
RT
NH3
Ideal gas
1.0
P / atm
5 atm
When P↑
deviation from ideal behavior ↑
Plot of PV/RT versus the Pressure(P) of
1 mole of N2 at Various Temperature
PV 293 K
RT 203 K
673 K
1000 K
1.0 Ideal gas
P / atm
When T ↓ and P↑
139
Gas behaves almost ideally at very
low pressure
at high pressure :
when a gas is compressed the volume of
container is decreased
gas molecules now occupy sizable portion of
the container (volume of gas molecules are not
negligible)
deviate from ideal gas behaviour
143
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour
At lower temperature,
the kinetic energy of the gas molecules become
weaker
the attractive forces become significant
144
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION
To describe real gas behavior
condition of real gas, HIGH pressure LOW temperature
VDW equation is modified from ideal gas
equation which consider the deviations of real gas
Preal gas < Pideal gas
V real gas > V ideal gas
n2a
P + (V – nb) = nRT
V2
Johannes Diderck van der Waals (1837-1923). Dutch physicist
In real gas,
nb
V ideal = V real – nb
Ans: 30.0 atm, 45.5 atm using the ideal gas equation
Ans: ACTIVITY – 02
Ideal gas
PV = nRT
nRT
P =
V
= 4.37 mol x 0.08206 atm●Lmol–1K–1 x 311 K
2.45 L
= 45.5 atm (ideal gas)
Ans: ACTIVITY – 02
Real gas
n2a nb = 0.246 L
= 20.648 atm
V2
( P + 20.648 atm) ( 2.45 L – 0.246 L) =
4.37 mol x 0.08206 atm●Lmol–1K–1 x 311 K
2
(Preal + n a ) (V real – nb) = nRT
V2
Known as Van der Waals equation 154
Excercise EXERCISE – 20
155
End of the slide
156