UNIVERSIDAD DE ORIENTE

NÚCLEO DE MONAGAS
MATURÍN
DEPARTAMENTO SOCIO HUMANÍSTICO
ASIGNATURA: INGLÉS II PARA CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS

Reading
Strategies

Facilitadora: Profesora Belkis Meza

Elaborado por Alumnos de la sección 01

 UNIVERSIDAD DE ORIENTE
NÚCLEO DE MONAGAS
MATURÍN
DEPARTAMENTO SOCIO HUMANÍSTICO
ASIGNATURA: INGLES II PARA CIENCIAS
ADMINISTRATIAS

Reading
Strategies

Facilitadora: Profesora Belkis Meza

Elaborado Por Alumnos De La Sección 01

Maturín, Abril De 2.013

 content
DEFINICIONES:
1. LEER
2. LECTURA
3. PROCESO DE LECTURA
4. COMPRENSION DE LA LECTURA
5. ESTRATEGIAS DE LECTURA
6. ESTRATETIAS DE PRE-LECTURA
7. ESTATEGIAS DURANTE LA LECTURA
8. ESTRATEGIAS DE POST-LECTURA
9. LECTURA EXPRESIVA, LECTURA ACTIVA Y
LECTURA PASIVA
 content
PART ONE: PRE READING STRATEGIES

1. ASK AND ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT

2. BRAINSTORMING
3. CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
4. KWL
5. MOTIVATION TO READ
6. PREDICTION
7. PREVIEW
8. PRIOR KNWLEDGE
9. SCANNING
10. SETTING A PURPOSE FOR READING
11. SKIMMING
12. VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE FOR EFFECTIVE
READING
 content
PART TWO: DURING READING STRATEGIES

1. ANNOTATING.
2. ANNOLIGHTING A TEXT.
3. COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES.
4. CONCLUDING SENTENCE.
5. CONNECTIVES.
6. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS.
7. FAMILIAR WORDS.
8. FIGURE OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS
FOR CONTEXT.
9. IDENTIFYING THE FORMAT AND ANTICIPATE HOW
AND WHY IT IS USED.
10. IDENTIFYING THE SCIENTIFIC OR TECHNICAL
ARTICLE FORMAT.
11. INFERENCES.
12. LOOKING FOR UNKNOWN WORDS.
13. MAIN IDEAS.
14. OPINION ABOUT READING.
 content
PART TWO: DURING READING STRATEGIES

15. PRONOUN REFERENCES.

16. SUPPORTING DETAILS.
17. TEXT STRUCTURE.
18. THE UNDERLINED.
19. TOPIC.
20. TOPIC SENTENCES: IDENTIFY TOPIC SENTENCES IN
THE SECTIONS OF THE MATERIAL.
21. VISUALISING.
22. WHAT ARE PATTERN OF ORGANIZACIONAL.
 content
PART THREE: POST READING STRATEGIES

1. EVALUATE YOUR PRE-READING.

2. IDENTIFYING THE AUTOR’S PURPOSE.
3. IDENTIFYING THE AUTHOR’S STYLE FOR
ORGANIZING THE TEXT.
4. LIST THE MAIN POINTS OF THE MATERIAL
5. MAKING ASSOCIATIONS.
6. MAPPING MIND MENTAL. COMCEPTUAL MAP.
SEMANTIC MAP.
7. MAKING ASSOCIATIONS.
8. OUTLINE THE MATERIAL.
9. RECOGNIZING THE AUTHOR’S POINT OF VIEW.
10. REFLECT AND THINK ABOUT THE MATERIAL
11. WRITING A SUMMARY.
 Reading
Strategies
 CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS SOBRE LECTURA

LEER: Es un proceso visual, mental, que codifica, relaciona, contraste,

profundiza, infiere, es decir deduce su contenido, que interpreta, cuestiona,
comprende el mensaje del autor.

Es el proceso de percibir y comprender la escritura, ya sea mediante

la vista o el tacto (Braille).

Es la actividad caracterizada por la traducción de símbolos o letras en

palabras o frases con significado para una persona, o la interpretación del sentido
de un texto.

LECTURA: Se entiende al proceso de aprehensión de determinadas

clases de información contenidas en un soporte particular que son transmitidas
por medio de ciertos códigos, como lo puede ser el lenguaje. Es decir, un
proceso mediante el cual se traduce determinados símbolos para su
entendimiento.

Es el proceso de la recuperación y comprensión de algún tipo de

información o ideas almacenadas en un soporte y transmitidas mediante algún
tipo de código, usualmente un lenguaje, que puede ser visual o táctil (por
ejemplo, el sistema Braille).Otros tipos de lectura pueden no estar basados en el
lenguaje tales como la notación o los pictogramas..
 PROCESO DE LECTURA: El proceso mediante el cual leemos. Va
precedido de de cuatro pasos:

1. La visualización. Cuando leemos no deslizamos de manera continua la

mirada sobre las palabras, sino que realizamos un proceso discontinuo:
cada palabra absorbe la fijación ocular durante unos 200-250
milisegundos y en apenas 30 milisegundos se salta a la siguiente, en lo
que se conoce como movimiento sacádico. La velocidad de
desplazamiento es relativamente constante entre unos y otros individuos,
pero mientras un lector lento enfoca entre cinco y diez letras por vez, un
lector habitual puede enfocar aproximadamente una veintena de letras;
también influye en la velocidad lectora el trabajo de identificación de las
palabras en cuestión, que varía en relación a su conocimiento por parte
del lector o no.

2. La fonación. Articulación oral consciente o inconsciente, se podría decir

que la información pasa de la vista al habla. Es en esta etapa en la que
pueden darse la vocalización y sub-vocalización de la lectura. La lectura
sub-vocalizada puede llegar a ser un mal hábito que entorpece la lectura y
la comprensión, pero puede ser fundamental para la comprensión de
lectura de materiales como la poesía o las transcripciones de discursos
orales.
3. La audición. La información pasa del habla al oído (la sonorización
intro-auditiva es generalmente inconsciente).

4. La cerebración. La información pasa del oído al cerebro y se integran

los elementos que van llegando separados. Con esta etapa culmina el
proceso de comprensión.

COMPRENSIÓN DE LA LECTURA: Es la interpretación y selección

de un mensaje que se ha recibido por escrito.

ESTRATEGIA DE LA LECTURA: Se refiere a los modos de proceder

y a los estilos de trabajo que se utilizan para alcanzar los propósitos de lectura,
redacción, expresión oral e investigación.

ESTRATEGIA DE LA PRE-LECTURA: Es el primer paso que

debemos dar al enfrentarnos a un texto nuevo. La Pre-lectura o lectura
exploratoria consiste en hacer una primera lectura rápida para enterarnos de qué
se trata. En este primer paso conseguiremos:

a. Un conocimiento rápido del tema, formar el esquema general del texto

donde insertaremos los datos más concretos obtenidos en la segunda
lectura.
Comenzar el estudio de una manera suave de manera que vayamos
entrando en materia con más facilidad.
a. Un conocimiento rápido del tema, formar el esquema general del texto
donde insertaremos los datos más concretos obtenidos en la segunda
lectura.

a. Comenzar el estudio de una manera suave de manera que vayamos

entrando en materia con más facilidad.

ESTRATEGIA DURANTE LA LECTURA: Es el proceso de la

recuperación y comprensión de algún tipo de información o ideas almacenadas
en un soporte y transmitidas mediante algún tipo de código, usualmente un
lenguaje, que puede ser visual o táctil.

ESTRATEGIA DESPUÉS DE LA LECTURA: Consiste en organizar

la información en un orden lógico, a fin de estructurar la secuencia de una
historia, el texto en forma coherente ("retelling": recuento).Esta técnica alude a
ciertos elementos típicos que están presentes en un relato o información y
plantear algunas preguntas como por ej.: ¿Cuál es la idea principal?
 LECTURA EXPRESIVA: Es una lectura de una obra en la que al leerse
las líneas se va "dramatizando", es decir, se van realizando las acciones con
mayor o Menor exactitud de cómo si se representara.

Es aquella cuyo objetivo primordial es reproducir con nuestra voz y con el

lenguaje corporal que suele acompañarla toda la «expresividad» de un texto.

LECTURA ACTIVA: La lectura activa es un método de lectura que le

ayuda a reforzar lo que se lee. En lugar de simplemente leer un texto, la lectura
activa requiere que usted lea, pensar críticamente sobre lo que ha leído y
participar en actividades diseñadas para ayudar a entender mejor lo que ha leído.

La lectura activa es un proceso sencillo que requiere tiempo y paciencia,

pero las recompensas pueden ser no sólo una mayor comprensión de lo que lee,
pero una mejor retención de la información también.
PART ONE: PRE READING
STRATEGIES
Brainstorming
The brainstorming, its a group tool
work that facilitates the emergence of
new ideas about a theme o determined
problem. The brainstorming is a group
technique to generate original ideas in a
relaxed atmosphere.

Its function is about generating ideas to

solve problems, to improve possible
causes and/or change positions, by
proposing the higher amount of possible
ideas in a short period and invite all the
members of the group to participate. This
tool help people to think with higher
amplitude and having others perspectives
about the solution of problems.
 STEPS

➢ DETERMINE THE NEED OF THE ➢ DETERMINE THE PLACE

BRAINSTORMING. OF REUNION

In this first step determines The brainstorming should be

the motive or reason whereby the performed in a comfortable room where

brainstorming is performed; for you can talk in a distended way without

example, we could need to realize interruptions or distractions of any

a brainstorming to find a business kind. Also, the room should contain a

idea, locate the best way to sell a blackboard where the proposed ideas

product, obtain suggestions about should be written, or a panel where the

the design of a product, solve a cards with the proposed ideas could be

problem of the corporation, etc. stick.

 ➢ CALLING THE PARTICIPANTS

The participants could be conformed for

workers of the corporations, family, friends,
partners, etc. The recommended is that an
heterogeneous group is conformed, for example,
conformed for workers of different areas of the
corporation. Also, the group should not be too big
or too little, the recommended is conforming a
group of about 12 participants.

➢ PRESENTATION AND FORMULATION

OF THE QUESTION

In this stage the moderator or facilitator explains

the motive of the reunion, raises the problem,
define the mechanic to use, sets the rules, and
finally proceeds to formulate the question (in the
most direct way possible) that allows to solve the
problem, using words like: ‘‘What?’’, ‘‘How?’’,
‘‘Why?’’,etc.
 Some examples could be: ‘‘which idea
of business you propose??’’, ‘‘how can
we sell this product?’’, ‘‘which repairs
do you suggest to the design of the
product?’’, ‘‘how can we solve this
problem?’’.

➢ FORMULATION OF IDEAS

In this stage the participants propose

their ideas for a determined period of
time (the recommended is an average
of 25 minutes) without permission of
any kind of critics or judgment above
them, seeking to pick the higher
•Structured: participants propose
number of ideas. their ideas in order, for example,
from left to right (one idea per turn),
THE FORMULATION OF IDEAS may the participant grant his turn in
CAN BE STRUCTURED OR NON- case of not having an idea in the
STRUCTURED: moment that when he needs to
participate.

•Non-structured: the participants

propose their ideas without any
order in particular.
Also, the formulation of ideas could be
talked or anonymous:
* Talked: the participants propose their
ideas in oral way, which are written
immediately in a blackboard by the
moderator.
* Anonymous: the participants write
their ideas in a card or sheet (one idea
per sheet), which late are read by the
moderator and glued in a panel.

➢ EVALUATION AND SELECTION

OF IDEAS

Finally, with the help of the participants

proceeds to evaluate the ideas,
discarding in first place those who do
not come to the case or those who not
worth consider, and creating then a list
with the preselected ideas, of which
finally proceeds to select one or several.
 In case of not having an accord for selecting an idea, is possible to realize
a vote . And in case of not being satisfied with the ideas, is possible to
realize a new round of brainstorming taking advantage of the preselected
ideas and which could take like reference.

The purpose of a session

of brainstorming is to
work like a group to
identify a problem, and
find, through a
participatory intervention,
the best group decision for
an action plan that solves
it.
 Tex
t
PUBLIC ACCOUNTING
Is a professional career, of
specialization in the account discipline,
in which men’s and woman’s are
trained to the generation of the
accounting information, the
administrative situation, the cost and
taxation and taxes of the operations of
public and private corporations. The
public and private corporations that
develop financial-economic activities,
need of professionals capable of making
and analyzing the financial reports for
the taking of decisions, as well as the
elaboration, execution and control of
cost and budgets according to the nature
of the corporation.
CONTADURÍA
PÚBLICA
Es una carrera profesional, de
especialización en la disciplina contable,
en la cual se capacita a hombres y
mujeres para la generación de la
información de la contabilidad, la
situación administrativa, los costos y
fiscalidad e impuestos de las operaciones
de las empresas públicas y privadas. Las
empresas públicas y privadas que
desarrollan actividades económico-
financieras, necesitan de profesionales
capaces de elaborar y analizar los
reportes financieros para la toma de
decisiones, así como la elaboración,
ejecución y control de costos y
presupuestos de acuerdo a la naturaleza
de la empresa.
•Public accounting
•Accounting PRACTICE

•Audit
❑ DO A BRAINSTORMING OF THE TITLE OF THE
•Finances
TEXT.

•Budget
 PRACTICE

❑ DO A BRAINSTORMING OF THE WORD UNDERLINED ON THE TEXT.

PART ONE: PRE READING

STRATEGIES
MOTIVATION TO READ
• MOTIVATION TO READ: it is to guide, to orientate, to suggest, to
manage to wake the interest of the reading up in the persons, it must be one of the
most important goals of the teachers in the area of the education.
To motivate to read, to develop the imagination and knowing a new world.

• PURPOSE OF THE MOTIVATION TO READ:

➢ Motivation to read, increases general knowledge.
➢ Reading improves the compression.
➢The reader acquires new ideas.
➢While we realize the reading, it increases our vocabulary exercise
the memory.
➢It helps to improve your spelling.

• FUNCTION:

This strategy provides many functions since through it we

learn to own and give importance to each reading because
they all have their point of motivation for each reader
transmitiendonos new information.
➢provides new knowledge.
➢surpass your thoughts.
➢Wellness moments passed you.
 TIPS

For the motivation of a reading it is always necessary to pay

attention to some basic concepts:

- To wake up the interest of the reader in the selection of readings to

promote a better dialog with the above mentioned practice.
- To choose the place adequate to meet to read
- To suggest facts that takes place daily without counting totally and
offering reading material that completes the statement.
- To propose movies of interest, related to topics that are being
learning, spoken in other language, in that it is necessary to read the
translations.
 TEXT

ACCOUNTING

Social science takes charge verifying, measuring

and evaluating the heritage of the organizations,
companies and individuals, in order to serve in the
decisions and control taking, presenting the
information, before registered, in a systematic and
useful way for the different interested parts.
Accounting possesses the purpose supply
information at any time and the results obtained
during a period of time, which ensues from
usefulness to the users in the capture of his
decisions, so much for the control of the past
management, since for the estimations of the future
results, endowing such decisions of rationality and
efficiency.
 CONTABILIDAD

Ciencia social que se encarga de comprobar, medir

y evaluar el patrimonio de las organizaciones,
empresas e individuos, con el fin de servir en la
toma de decisiones y control, presentando la
información, previamente registrada, de manera
sistemática y útil para las distintas partes
interesadas. La finalidad que posee la contabilidad
es suministrar información en un momento dado y
de los resultados obtenidos durante un período de
tiempo, que resulta de utilidad a los usuarios en la
toma de sus decisiones, tanto para el control de la
gestión pasada, como para las estimaciones de los
resultados futuros, dotando tales decisiones de
racionalidad y eficiencia.
 PRACTICE

1- ¿WHAT IS YOUR MOTIVATION TO READ

THIS TEXT?

To acquire new knowledge on the accounting field. To

know what is about, to depend is definition, to know what it
takes charge of and what purpose it gives reason to exist.

2- ¿WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE TEXT?

It is important, since by it means the reader get knew useful

knowledge in the taking decisions and control of the
companies and organizations, Primordial Being for all
career public accountant.
 REFERENCE

http://bibliotcaescolarpr.blogspot.com/2006/05/estrategias-para-motivar-
la-lectura.html

http://lauraperezb.wordpress.com/2006/11/29/motivaciones-para-la-lectura/

https://www.google.co.ve/search?um=1&hl=es&biw=1440&bih=809&tbm=isch&q=motiv
ación+para+leespell=1&sa=X&ei=Q6RdUdv9PJPi8gSj1YG4Dw&ved.

http://www.eliceo.com/educacion/motivar-la-lectura.html

http://www.google.co.ve/imgres?um=1&hl=es&sa=N&biw=1440&bih=809
&tbm=isch&tbnid=T5hjNmhIhTXA0M:&imgrefurl=http://carmenmaria.inf
o
PREDICTION
 PREDICTION

DEFINITION: A prediction is a logical estimate about

something that appears later in the text. Predict The
strategy is a simple but effective way to help connect
you with the knowledge that what you are reading.
Reading is a constant process in which hypotheses
are then confirm if the prediction has been done is
correct or not.

FUNCTION: Its function is to predict the effect of the

words which express what was announced previously
and anticipate what is believed will happen next.

PURPOSE: Predict the content of a text or end of a

story. while making predictions about reading gradually
become the words that follow.
 HOW PREDECIR? As you read, stop occasionally and
think about what the author has written. Look for clues in the text
and images of what appears to be important. If you're reading a
story, try to predict what will happen next. If you're reading a
poem, a speech or essay, try to predict the most important themes
and ideas that the author will highlight.

TYPES: CATEGORICAL PREDICTIONS: They

consist of statements that indicate that certain particular events
will occur or not, predictions are given without qualities. For
example, "it will rain tonight" or "tomorrow the temperature will
rise up to 25 ° C".
PROBABILISTIC PREDICTIONS: Are assertions about
the likelihood of an event occurring. For example, "tonight there is
a 80% chance of rain" or "there is a 10% chance that the
temperature rise more than 3 ° C above normal."
 A company is an organization, institution or industry, or activities
dedicated to pursuing economic or commercial purposes, to meet the needs of
goods and / or services of the plaintiffs, on par to ensure continuity of
production-trade structure and their necessary investments. companies are the
only organizations that provide goods for mass consumption. Sure, there are
those companies that provide services. Such as grooming corporate building.
But in any case the companies, for profit. That is, get rents at the end of the
production process. For this reason, these organizations have a complex
administration.

Una empresa es una organización, institución o industria, dedicada a

actividades o persecución de fines económicos o comerciales, para satisfacer las
necesidades de bienes y/o servicios de los demandantes, a la par de asegurar la
continuidad de la estructura productivo-comercial así como sus necesarias
inversiones. las empresas son las únicas organizaciones, que proveen de bienes,
para el consumo masivo. Claro, que también existen aquellas empresas, que
prestan servicios. Como por ejemplo, el aseo del edificio corporativo. Pero en
todo caso las empresas, tienen fines de lucro. O sea, obtener una renta, al final
del proceso productivo. Por lo mismo, estas organizaciones, cuentan con una
compleja administración.
PRACTICE:

1) The Company is an organization dedicated to

economic activities of late.
My prediction: the company will meet the needs of
goods and services plaintiffs.

2) The companies are the only organizations that

provide goods for mass consumption.
My prediction: firms can also provide services for
profit or not.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Prior Knowledge (Conocimiento Previo)

Definición:El conocimiento previo es la

información que el individuo tiene
almacenada en su memoria debido a
experiencias pasadas, es decir en este
caso el estudiante va a decir con
antelación de lo que va a tratar el texto o
contenido en general de acuerdo al titulo
del mismo.

Función: La función que cumple el

conocimiento previo es de que el
individuo pueda confrontarse en si
mismo y pueda dar con facilidad
conceptos e ideas sobre cualquier tema
para un optimo aprendizaje.
 Propósito: Es lograr que la persona pueda
responder de manera rápida a vista de cualquier
tema para el mayor beneficio del mismo.

Lineamientos:
Los pasos que se deben seguir para poder
tener un conocimiento previo es tener mucha
lectura de temas de preferencia que afiancen los
conocimientos del lector.
 Ejercicio 1

THE BALANCE SHEET

The balance sheet lists the company’s assets, liabilities and

stockholders’ equity as of a specific moment in time. A balance sheet is
like still photograph. It captures the financial position of a company at a
particular point in time. As you study about the assets, liabilities and
stockholders’ equity contained in a balance sheet, you will understand why
this financial statement provides information about the solvency of the
business.

Solución: De acuerdo al titulo del texto el individuo sabrá de que

se trata en general, según lo que haya vivido en tiempos pasados o lo que
conozca sobre eso. En este caso el titulo es sobre:

“Balance”: El balance en términos de contaduría es como una hoja

que lleva la contabilidad de una empresa facilitando información a
muchos, así como también todo lo referente a activos, pasivos y capital.
 Ejercicio 2

WHY NATIONS TRADE

The sale of goods and services is not restricted to local, regional, or

national markets; it often takes place on an international basis. Nations
import goods that they lack or cannot produce as efficiently as other nations
and they export goods that they can produce more efficiently. This exchange
of goods and services in the world or global market is known as international
trade. There are three main benefits to be gained from this type of exchange.

Solución: De la misma manera que en el texto anterior se hará aquí

solo que el titulo es diferente.

El Comercio: Es cuando es una empresa hay cierto movimientos de

interés o bienes, de acuerdo a las necesidades de todos y de el lugar donde se
encuentre.
 ESTABLISHING THE PURPOSE FOR READING

It is a fundamental activity that determines both the way the

reader is directed to the text and how to regulate and evaluate the
whole process. This strategy promotes active reading and strategic, as it
makes our attention to the data elements of the text to make Inca feet in
our reading purpose. Knowing that is very important that before you
start reading, define and make clear why or what is going to serve the
text or read the book.

FUNCTION

Determine, first, how the reader will tackle the written text and,
secondly, the level of understanding that tolerate or require to give for
good reading.
 Purposes :

The purpose of this strategy is to encourage the reader to make

a general reading to comprehend, understand and make sense of
what you are reading adapting to the objectives pursued, since it is a
strategy that allows you to find specific points through quick revisions
to and assess, and quickly analyze what you read.

Steps for establishing purpose for reading.

To set a purpose for reading is part of the needs generated by

information gaps that are created based on problems that require
resolution. Here are the steps to follow:
❖They should make a quick read before reading carefully to
establish the purpose of Reading
❖The goals should start with a verb that expresses the type of
learning that seeks to have.
❖The reader relates the ideas of the text with their prior knowledge.
❖The reader must identify the meaning of unfamiliar words
❖Perform summations.
❖Underline or take notes of the main ideas.
Text 1
Purpose of reading

In the following conduct a selective Reading

What is the public accounting?

Public accounting, is a scientific discipline based on a specific
theory, that through a process obtains and verifies financial information
on transactions concluded by economic entities, and is supported as
auxiliary disciplines, Management, Law, Economics, Finance, Fiscal
Legislation, Information Systems, Mathematics, Psychology, Financial
Accounting.

The career objective is to train public accounting ethical

professionals, able to generate financial and management information
for decision-making; With entrepreneurial, visionary and generative
change in their socio-labor, with a critical, creative, analytical , positive,
committed, competitive, customer service attitude and the community.
Text 2
Purpose of reading

The following text will conduct an exploratory reading to know the

role of the Public Accounts

Public accounting as a science

The Accountant is a social science and as a social science must

discover and explain patterns of behavior of individuals and institutions
involved in trade and economic fields. Public Accounting is aware that the
renewal of knowledge and upgrading of curriculum is the key to have
professionals who respond to the social environment with a suitable degree of
responsibility, critical, creative, innovative and deep social sense. Public
Accounting Race through their departments of Accounting Systems and
Auditing and Finance, has significant challenges to adapt the curriculum to

the few foreign universities who lead in the field of audit and finance.
Exercise 1:

Purpose:

The accounting is a discipline aimed at financial studies and aims to

build capacity to generate decisions in the financial field, and to relate to
other branches or science that has affinity with it, and get support.
Exercise 2:

Purpose:

Its function is to discover and explain the patterns of behavior of

individuals and institutions related to the economy and trade.
 References

Estrategias de lectura
http://www.slideshare.net/lectura163/estrategias-de-lectura

Programa de mejora de la fluidez y comprensión

http://www.cepguadix.es/~dm/m22/pluginfile.php/68/mod_page/content/4/C
OMPRENSION_PRIMARIA_10-11.pdf

Comprensión lectora
http://www.plec.es/documentos.php?id_seccion=9&id_documento=17

Estrategias de lectura 2
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos66/estrategias-lectura/estrategias-
lectura2.shtml

Que es la Contaduría Pública

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contadur%C3%ADa_p%C3%BAblica

Contaduría Pública
La http://html.rincondelvago.com/contaduria-publica_1.html

Contaduría Pública como ciencia

http://gestionbcontaduriapublica.blogspot.com/2008/03/como-arte-ciencia-
y-tecnica.html
 PART TWO:
DURING READING
STRATEGIES
 ANNOTATING AND
ANNOLIGHTING A TEXT
 DEFINICIONES

ANNOTATING O ANOTACIONES:

Esta técnica consiste únicamente en realizar pequeñas anotaciones al

margen de los textos del temario que tuvieran relación con los contenidos.
Son anotaciones de entre 3 y 10 palabras en la que puedo indicar el resumen
de un párrafo que me parezca importante o algunas palabras claves de dichos
párrafos que puedan ser respuestas a pregunas tipo.

En sucesivos repasos puedo marcar esas notaciones con el subrayador

para facilitar que se queden grabadas en nuestra memoria.

ANNOLIGHTING O SUBRAYADO DEL TEXTO:

"Annolighting" un texto resaltado combina eficaces con anotaciones al

margen que ayudan a explicar las palabras resaltadas y frases.
 THE INFLATION

Increases in the quantity of money or in the overall money supply (or debasement of the
means of exchange) have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with
different forms of money used. For instance, when gold was used as currency, the government
could collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or
lead, and reissue them at the same nominal value. By diluting the gold with other metals, the
government could issue more coins without also needing to increase the amount of gold used to
make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an
increase in seigniorage. This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the
relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower,
consumers would need to give more coins in exchange for the same goods and services as before.
These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced.

With a fiat currency, Song Dynasty China introduced the practice of printing money during
the 11th century and, according to Daniel Headrick, "paper money allowed governments to spend
far more than they received in taxes... in wartime, and the Song were often at war, such deficit
spending caused runaway inflation." This inflation made paper money undesirable, and in 1020,
desperate officials were forced to perfume the money to encourage its use. The problem of paper
money inflation continued after the Song Dynasty. Peter Bernholz writes that "from then on, nearly
every Chinese dynasty up to the Ming began by issuing some stable and convertible paper money
and ended with pronounced inflation caused by circulating ever increasing amounts of paper notes
to finance budget deficits.“
 During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, the government spent a great deal of money fighting
costly wars, and reacted by printing more, leading to inflation. The problem of inflation became so
severe that the people stopped using paper money, which they saw as "worthless paper." Fearing
the inflation that plagued the Yuan dynasty, the Ming Dynasty initially rejected the use of paper
money, using only copper coins. The dynasty did not issue paper currency until 1375.

Historically, infusions of gold or silver into an economy also led to inflation. From the
second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major
inflationary cycle referred to as the "price revolution", with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold
over 150 years. This was largely caused by the sudden influx of gold and silver from the New
World into Habsburg Spain. The silver spread throughout a previously cash-starved Europe and
caused widespread inflation. Demographic factors also contributed to upward pressure on prices,
with European population growth after depopulation caused by the Black Death pandemic.

By the nineteenth century, economists categorized three separate factors that cause a rise
or fall in the price of goods: a change in the value or production costs of the good, a change in the
price of money which then was usually a fluctuation in the commodity price of the metallic
content in the currency, and currency depreciation resulting from an increased supply of currency
relative to the quantity of redeemable metal backing the currency. Following the proliferation of
private banknote currency printed during the American Civil War, the term "inflation" started to
appear as a direct reference to the currency depreciation that occurred as the quantity of
redeemable banknotes outstripped the quantity of metal available for their redemption. At that
time, the term inflation referred to the devaluation of the currency, and not to a rise in the price
of goods.
 This relationship between the over-supply of banknotes and a resulting
depreciation in their value was noted by earlier classical economists such as David
Hume and David Ricardo, who would go on to examine and debate what effect a
currency devaluation (later termed monetary inflation) has on the price of goods
(later termed price inflation, and eventually just inflation).

The adoption of fiat currency by many countries, from the 18th century
onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Since then,
huge increases in the supply of paper money have taken place in a number of
countries, producing hyperinflations – episodes of extreme inflation rates much
higher than those observed in earlier periods of commodity money. The
hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic of Germany is a notable example.
 TRADUCCIÓN: LA INFLACION
Los aumentos en la cantidad de dinero o de la oferta monetaria total (o degradación de los
medios de cambio) han ocurrido en muchas sociedades diferentes a lo largo de la historia,
cambiando con las diferentes formas de dinero usadas. Por ejemplo, cuando el oro fue utilizado
como moneda de cambio, el gobierno podría recoger monedas de oro, se funden hacia abajo,
mezclarlos con otros metales como la plata, el cobre o el plomo, y vuelva a emitir ellos en el
mismo valor nominal. Al diluir el oro con otros metales, el gobierno podría emitir más monedas
sin también tener que aumentar la cantidad de oro utilizado en su fabricación. Cuando el costo de
cada moneda se reduce de esta manera, los beneficios de gobierno de un aumento en señoriaje.
Esta práctica sería aumentar el suministro de dinero, pero al mismo tiempo el valor relativo de
cada moneda que ser bajada. A medida que el valor relativo de las monedas disminuye, los
consumidores tendrían que dar más monedas a cambio de los mismos bienes y servicios que
antes. Estos productos y servicios se experimenta un aumento de precio como el valor de cada
moneda se reduce.

Con una moneda fiduciaria, la dinastía Song de China introdujo la práctica de imprimir
dinero durante el siglo 11 y, según Daniel Headrick, "papel moneda permitió a los gobiernos a
gastar mucho más de lo que recibieron en impuestos ... en tiempos de guerra, y los Song a
menudo estaban en guerra, el gasto de dicho déficit causado una inflación galopante ". Esta
inflación hizo el papel moneda no deseado, y en 1020, los funcionarios desesperados se vieron
obligados a perfumar el dinero para fomentar su uso. El problema de la inflación de papel moneda
continuó después de la dinastía Song. Peter Bernholz escribe que "a partir de entonces, casi cada
dinastía china hasta la dinastía Ming comenzó con la publicación de algún papel moneda
convertible y estable y terminó con una inflación pronunciada causada por la circulación cada vez
mayor cantidad de billetes de papel para financiar los déficits presupuestarios".
 Durante la dinastía mongol Yuan, el gobierno gastó una gran cantidad de dinero en guerras
costosas, y reaccionó mediante la impresión de más, lo que lleva a la inflación. El problema de la
inflación llegó a ser tan grave que la gente dejó de usar el papel moneda, lo que ellos veían como
"papeles sin valor". Por temor a la inflación que afectó a la dinastía Yuan, la dinastía Ming
inicialmente rechazó el uso del papel moneda, utilizando únicamente monedas de cobre. La
dinastía no emite papel moneda hasta 1375.
Históricamente, las infusiones de oro o plata en una economía también condujo a la
inflación. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo 15 hasta la primera mitad de los 17, Europa
occidental experimentó un ciclo mayor inflación conocida como la "revolución de los precios", con
precios, en promedio, el aumento tal vez seis veces más de 150 años. Esto se debió en gran parte
por la afluencia repentina de oro y plata del Nuevo Mundo a España de los Habsburgo. La plata se
extendió a lo largo de una previamente privada de fondos, Europa y causó la inflación
generalizada. Los factores demográficos también contribuyeron a la presión al alza sobre los
precios, con el crecimiento de la población europea después de la despoblación causada por la
pandemia de la Muerte Negra.
En el siglo XIX, los economistas clasifican tres factores diferentes que causan un aumento o
disminución en el precio de los bienes: un cambio en el importe del valor o de la producción del
bien, un cambio en el precio del dinero que entonces era por lo general una fluctuación en el
producto precio del contenido metálico en la moneda, y la depreciación de la moneda como
resultado de un aumento de la oferta de moneda en relación con la cantidad de metal canjear
respaldar la moneda. A raíz de la proliferación de billetes de banco privado en moneda impreso
durante la guerra civil americana, el término "inflación" comenzó a aparecer como una referencia
directa a la depreciación de la moneda ocurrida como la cantidad de billetes redimibles superado la
cantidad de metal disponible para su redención. En ese momento, el término inflación se refirió a la
devaluación de la moneda, y no a un aumento en el precio de las mercancías.
 Esta relación entre el exceso de oferta de billetes y una depreciación en su
valor resultante se señaló anteriormente por los economistas clásicos como David
Hume y David Ricardo, quien luego de examinar y debatir el efecto de una
devaluación de la moneda (inflación más tarde denominado monetaria) tiene sobre
el precio de las mercancías (más tarde denominado inflación de precios, y,
finalmente, sólo la inflación).

La adopción de la moneda fiduciaria por muchos países, a partir del siglo 18,
hizo mucho mayores variaciones en la oferta de dinero posible. Desde entonces, los
enormes incrementos en la oferta de papel moneda han tenido lugar en varios
países, la producción de hiperinflaciones - episodios de inflación extrema muy por
encima de los observados en períodos anteriores de dinero material. La
hiperinflación en la República de Weimar de Alemania es un ejemplo notable.
 Practica
THE INFLATION
Increases in the quantity of money or in the overall money supply (or debasement of the
means of exchange) have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with
different forms of money used. For instance, when gold was used as currency, the government
could collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or
lead, and reissue them at the same nominal value. By diluting the gold with other metals, the
government could issue more coins without also needing to increase the amount of gold used to
make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an
increase in seigniorage. This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the
relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower,
consumers would need to give more coins in exchange for the same goods and services as before.
These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced.

With a fiat currency, Song Dynasty China introduced the practice of printing money during
the 11th century and, according to Daniel Headrick, "paper money allowed governments to spend
far more than they received in taxes... in wartime, and the Song were often at war, such deficit
spending caused runaway inflation." This inflation made paper money undesirable, and in 1020,
desperate officials were forced to perfume the money to encourage its use. The problem of paper
money inflation continued after the Song Dynasty. Peter Bernholz writes that "from then on, nearly
every Chinese dynasty up to the Ming began by issuing some stable and convertible paper money
and ended with pronounced inflation caused by circulating ever increasing amounts of paper notes
to finance budget deficits.“
 During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, the government spent a great deal of money fighting
costly wars, and reacted by printing more, leading to inflation. The problem of inflation became so
severe that the people stopped using paper money, which they saw as "worthless paper." Fearing
the inflation that plagued the Yuan dynasty, the Ming Dynasty initially rejected the use of paper
money, using only copper coins. The dynasty did not issue paper currency until 1375.
Historically, infusions of gold or silver into an economy also led to inflation. From the
second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major
inflationary cycle referred to as the "price revolution", with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold
over 150 years. This was largely caused by the sudden influx of gold and silver from the New
World into Habsburg Spain. The silver spread throughout a previously cash-starved Europe and
caused widespread inflation. Demographic factors also contributed to upward pressure on prices,
with European population growth after depopulation caused by the Black Death pandemic.

By the nineteenth century, economists categorized three separate factors that cause a rise or
fall in the price of goods: a change in the value or production costs of the good, a change in the
price of money which then was usually a fluctuation in the commodity price of the metallic content
in the currency, and currency depreciation resulting from an increased supply of currency relative
to the quantity of redeemable metal backing the currency.

Following the proliferation of private banknote currency printed during the American Civil
War, the term "inflation" started to appear as a direct reference to the currency depreciation that
occurred as the quantity of redeemable banknotes outstripped the quantity of metal available for
their redemption. At that time, the term inflation referred to the devaluation of the currency, and
not to a rise in the price of goods.
 This relationship between the over-supply of banknotes and a resulting
depreciation in their value was noted by earlier classical economists such as David
Hume and David Ricardo, who would go on to examine and debate what effect a
currency devaluation (later termed monetary inflation) has on the price of goods
(later termed price inflation, and eventually just inflation).

The adoption of fiat currency by many countries, from the 18th century
onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Since then,
huge increases in the supply of paper money have taken place in a number of
countries, producing hyperinflations – episodes of extreme inflation rates much
higher than those observed in earlier periods of commodity money. The
hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic of Germany is a notable example.
 CONCLUSIONES:

Las anotaciones o annotating han sido de mucha ayuda ya que estas nos
permiten a ampliar o resaltar alguna información del texto que consideremos
importantes, así como las annolighting o subrayado que se encarga de resaltar la
información que creamos mas esencial e importante obviando la demás información,
estas dos son esenciales en los métodos de lectura ya que permiten resumir y resaltar
todo lo importante para ser estudiada con mas detenimiento y facilidad.
 Referencias:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation

• http://www.oposicionesprisiones.com/blog/las-anotaciones-al-margen-y-los-
esquemas/

• http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/district.cfm?subpage=931
COMPLEX AND
COMPOUND
SENTENCES
 COMPLEX SENTENCES:

Are often formed by putting

these words at the beginning of the
dependent clause: as, as if, before,
after, because, though, even though,
while, when, whenever, if, during, as
soon as, as long as, since, until, unless,
where, and wherever. These words
are called subordinating conjunctions.

COMPLEX AND
COMPOUND SENTENCES
COMPOUND SENTENCES:

This sentence is composed of

two simple sentences joined together
by a comma and a joining word
(coordinating conjunction). We could
also describe a compound sentence as
two independent clauses joined by a
conjunction. There are seven
coordinating conjunctions:and, but,
so, or, for, nor, yet.
 The compound sentence

When joining two simple sentences correctly, you

get a compound sentence.
By contrast, a compound sentence can be
divided into two complete sentences, each with its
own theme and its own verb.
You can join simple sentences to create
compound sentences in two ways:

• With a semicolon

• With a comma and coordinating conjunction

(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

LINEAMIENTOS
The complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that contains a dependent and

an independent clause. In the following example, both clauses
contain a subject and a verb, but the dependent clause is also
dependent profit words though.
If you start the sentence with the words depends on
decisions (or subordinating conjunction), place a comma between
the clauses. On the other hand, if you start with the independent
clause and put the words depends on decisions in the middle of a
sentence, do not use a comma:

Although Eva took Turf Management just to fill his schedule, he

was unexpectedly interesting.
Turf Management Eva unexpectedly found interesting even
though she took just to fill your schedule.
 LECTURA
ACCOUNTING PUBLIC AS PROFESSION.

• Accounting is the professional discipline of scientific character, based on a specific theory

and through a process, gets and checks financial information on transactions conducted by
economic entities.
• Accounting is a professional discipline, because it meets the academic, social, legal and
intellectual requirements requiring any activity.
• Accounting has scientific, but still does not reach the character of science, if you are using
the scientific method.
• The accounting is based on a theory itself.
• Accounting follows a logical process.
• Accounting financial information has been obtained.
• Accounting check financial information.
• Functions of a public accountant
• They can be defined as the development and execution of one or several activities with the
aim of achieving a goal.
• Having these defined concepts, we can then proceed to enumerate the functions and most
relevant duties. In the case of the duties we are of the opinion that the most important
thing is:
• Provide reliable and timely information for decision-making.
• We chose this unique duty for the following reasons:
• (a) The CPA (authorized public accountant) must provide a clear all information of
significant relevance to the administration.
• (b) It is the responsibility of the CPA that the decisions taken by the management based on
the information provided by it are the most correct.
• Among the functions we have:
❖ The opening of the accounting books.
❖ Establishment of accounting system.
❖ Financial statements and their analysis.
❖ Certification of tax forms.
❖ Application of profits and dividend reports.
❖ The creation of financial reports for decision-making.
• With these listed functions not mean in any way that only are these which can exercise the
CPA within enterprises, given that it is more than demonstrated ample capacity that has
this to exercise more.
 CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA COMO PROFESIÓN.

· La contaduría es la disciplina profesional de carácter científico que, fundamentada en una

teoría específica y a través de un proceso, obtiene y comprueba información financiera sobre
transacciones celebradas por entidades económicas.
· La contaduría es una disciplina profesional, pues reúne los requisitos académicos, sociales,
legales e intelectuales que exige cualquier actividad.
· La contaduría tiene carácter científico, aunque todavía no alcanza el carácter de ciencia, si
utiliza el método científico.
· La contaduría se fundamenta en una teoría propia.
· La contaduría sigue un proceso lógico.
· La contaduría obtiene información financiera.
· La contaduría comprueba la información financiera.
Funciones de un Contador Público
Pueden ser definidas como el desarrollo y las ejecuciones de una o varias actividades con el
objetivo de lograr una meta.
Teniendo estos conceptos definidos, entonces podemos proceder a enumerar las funciones y
deberes más relevantes.
En el caso de los deberes somos de opinión que el más importante es:
Suministrar las informaciones fiables y oportunas para la toma de decisiones.
Elegimos este único deber por las siguientes razones:
a) El CPA (contador público autorizado) debe suministrar de manera clara todas las
informaciones de relevancias importantes a la administración.
b) Es responsabilidad del CPA que las decisiones tomadas por la gerencia en base a las
informaciones suministradas por él sean las más correctas.
Dentro de las funciones tenemos:
* Las aperturas de los libros de contabilidad.
* Establecimiento de sistema de contabilidad.
* Estudios de estados financieros y sus análisis.
* Certificación de planillas para pago de impuestos.
* Aplicación de beneficios y reportes de dividendos.
* La elaboración de reportes financieros para la toma de decisiones.
Con estas funciones enumeradas no queremos decir de modo alguno que sólo son éstas las
que puede ejercer el CPA dentro de las empresas, dado que está más que demostrada la capacidad
sobrada con que cuenta éste para ejercer muchas más.
 EJERCCIOS

1-) REMOVE THE TEXT AND MADE A COMPLEX SENTENCE

Compound sentence : They can be defined as the development and execution

of one or several activities with the aim of achieving a goal.

Complex sentence : Accounting has scientific, but still does not reach the
character of science, if you are using the scientific method.

2 -) Make a brief analysis with of these sentences from the text

Compound sentence, analysis : the role of the practitioner is performing or

running activities with an objective vision or goal.
 Definition Function

These are words or

expressions that are used in The role of connective is connect
the link paragraphs. ideas between sentences,
paragraphs together, comparison
and addition.
 The purpose of the
connective is that ideas are
Purpose expressed in a coherent
manner so that the
information is understood
by the reader.
 Types of connectives
Qualifying Connectives: Illustrating Connectives:
However, although, unless for example, such as,
Except, if, as long as. for instance, as revealed by
in the case of.

Contrasting Connectives Cause and Effect Connectives

Whereas, instead of, Because, so, therefore,
Alternatively, otherwise thus, consequently.
Unlike, on the other hand.

Comparing ConnectivesTypes of connectives

Emphasising Connectives
Equally, in the same way, above all, in particular,
Similarly, likewise, Especially, significantly
as with, like. Indeed, notably.

Adding Connectives Sequencing Connectives

And, also, well, as weel as, Next, then, first, second, third…
moreover, too. Finally,mean,while
Eventually,after
Before.
Practice
 HUMANE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

A manager is the responsible of the realization of certain types of

tasks in a company. A lot of times a manager has a group of people who
report to him or her and will be very helpful to accomplish goals trough the
use of resources available in an efficient and effective way. The manager
often use in his work a lot functions that can be classified as
planning,leading/directing, staffing, organizing, controlling/monitoring and
motivation. Planning allows the manager to point out the steps to follow to
achieve goals creating plans. Leading/directing alllows the manager to guide
people to act properly during the performance of a task .

Staffing is done by analyzing the performance of a person to recruit

him or her for suitable job. Organizing allows the proper use of the company
resources in the development of plans. Controlling/monitoring is the
observation of the plans while they are still in its realization. Motivation is
very important because it is the one that will encourage the employees to do
their job, if there is no motivation in the work place of a company is very
possible that the employees performance is not very good and the manager
would not be doing his/her more basic job.
 GERENTE DE RECURSOS HUMANOS

Un gerente es el responsable de la realización de determinados tipos de

tareas en una empresa. Una gran cantidad de veces que un gerente tiene un grupo
de personas que dependen de él o ella y va a ser muy útil para lograr los objetivos
a través de la utilización de los recursos disponibles de una manera eficiente y
eficaz. El gerente utilizan a menudo en su obra funciona un lote que se pueden
clasificar como la planificación, lo que lleva / dirección, personal, organización,
control / monitoreo y motivación. Planificación permite al gestor de señalar los
pasos a seguir para lograr los objetivos de la creación de planes. Liderando /
dirección permite al gestor de guiar a la gente a actuar correctamente durante la
ejecución de una tarea. Dotación de personal se lleva a cabo mediante el análisis
del desempeño de la persona a contratar a él o ella para el puesto adecuado.
Organizador permite el uso adecuado de los recursos de la compañía en el
desarrollo de los planes. El control / monitoreo es la observación de los planes
cuando aún están en su realización. La motivación es muy importante porque es el
que va a alentar a los empleados a hacer su trabajo, si no hay motivación en el
lugar de trabajo de una empresa es muy posible que el rendimiento de los
empleados no es muy bueno y el gerente no estaría haciendo su trabajo más básico.
 Practice 1

Indicate four (4) connective present in the text, noting its location.

1.( )
2.( )
3.( )
4.( )

Reply
1. and, line number two (2).
2. while, line number eleven (11).
3. because, line number twelve (12).
4. if, line number thirteen (13)
Practice 2

Of the connective extracted from text to indicate each type

belongs.

1.and: adding connective.

2.while: Sequencing Connective.

3.because: Cause and Effect Connective.

4.if: Qualifying Connective.

 Referents

Sherton English.Conectors. (05-04-2013).via web.

http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/connectors.php

Buenas tareas.com.Conectivos en inglés.(06-04-2013).via

webhttp://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/Conectivos-En-
Ingl%C3%A9s/1839931.html.
Familiar words
 FAMILIAR WORDS
❖ Familiar words
When readers do not
understand a word, you can guess its
meaning. Can realize that this is what
it is doing or is possible to do so
automatically, often linked to the word
unknown to a known word. If the word
is similar to a word you know, will
assume the word unknown means
approximately the same as the word
that you know. communicate more
effectively when you use words that
are known for their readers. Familiar
Words are usually brief words, but not
always.
❖ Reading
Management functions
Management plays a vital role
in any business or organized activity.
Management is composed of a team of
managers who have charge of the
organization at all levels. Their duties
include making sure company goals
are met and seeing that the business
operates efficiently. Regardless of the
specific job, most managers perform
four basic functions. These
management functions are planning,
organizing, directing and controlling.
❖ Looking for unknown ❖ Figure out the meaning of
words unknown words from
This reading strategy helps context
decode words that do not This strategy is the
understand at the time that we are
continuation of looking for
reading any type of text. When we
unknown words because in the
stumbled with unknown words,
strategy of reading looking for
i.e. it does not have an
unknown words we find the words
understanding of what it means, it
that we do not understand and the
is advisable to make a circle and
ourselves for a better view, but in
put within this call to improve
this strategy going to seek the
your viewing. Looking for
unknown words is the easiest meaning of the words from which
strategy and of great importance, it is not known its meaning to
because it helps to make the understand and help the reader can
reader in an educational way learn what they mean.
understand the text.
❖ Practice 1 ❖ Practice 2
Management functions
Management = Process that
Management plays a vital role in
any business or organized involves the coordination of all
activity. Management is available resources in an
composed of a team of
organization (human, physical,
managers who have charge of
the organization at all levels. technological, financial), so that
Their duties include making through the processes of: planning,
sure company goals are met
and seeing that the business organization, direction and control
operates efficiently. objectives are achieved previously.
Regardless of the specific job,
Managers = It is who is in
most managers perform four
basic functions. These charge of the direction or
management functions are coordination of the organization,
planning, organizing,
directing and controlling. institution or company.
business = It is the
occupation, work, or the task that
is performed for profit.
❖ Traducción de la lectura

La gerencia juega un rol vital en cualquier negocio o actividad

organizada. La gerencia esta compuesta por un equipo de gerentes los
cuales están a cargo de la organización en todos los niveles .sus deberes
incluyen asegurarse que los objetivos de la compañía se cumplan y viendo
que el negocio opere eficientemente. Independientemente del trabajo
especifico, la mayoría de los gerentes realizan 4 funciones básicas. Están
funciones generales son planificación, organización, dirección y control.
Opinion about
the
Reading.
 • They are judgments that the

Definition : point of view demonstrates of

the one who issues them. What
expresses in them they are the
personal beliefs of the author.

• The understood formulation of

opinions like that, needs of the
Funtions: skills of extracting information
and realizing inferences and
interpretations on the well-
read thing. It is possible to think
with foundation as soon as the
text has been understood in
depth, so much to level of
paragraphs or segments, since
to level of his globalidad.
the form with which we observe the reading or the topic that we have realized.
convincing argument, with which you can prove the veracity of the opinion.

that lacks foundation or base.

s / opinion / premise that is based in

esign / actions / sustenances what takes us to

onsequence / result
 Skills and managerial functions.

The term of management is recounted to the " post of

directing and managing the matters of a company, a company or an
organization "; and the person who recovers such a function names him a
manager or general manager, who coordinates the internal resources,
represents to the company opposite to third parties and controls the goals
and objeti - vos. The management is responsible for the success or the
failure of a business. The managers, in the performance of his
administrative functions, stretch to em - plear a particular or own set of
skills, skills and criteria conducive to the successful achievement of aims
and goals of the organization that they represent. This has caused the
emergence of styles of management, and, for ende, of managerial
theories.

Managerial functions
A manager must be kept attentive and mentally awake, since
it needs to confront problems and has to acquire today the skills that him
conferírán efficiency tomorrow; equal, he needs the opportunity to think
brings over of the sense of his own experience and especially he needs
an opportunity for car to think and to learn the way of making cost his
qualities; and it must know and understand what is expected from it and
why, to which boss will measure up it and how.
Types of management.
Different types of management exist, being the classic ones (4): -
• The patrimonial management. It is that one where the principal positions and
the charges of major hierarchy are in hands of the owners of the company. –
• The political management. Here the managerial positions are assigned on the
basis of the affiliation and the political loyalties.
• - The management for aims. The efforts go towards a goal jointly.

Guidelines Of managerial leadership.

It is just to approach the aspect of the technologies of leadership that a
manager must use to direct adequately to the personnel.
• To mold the Vision. The simple thing turns out to be better, since the
delegation depends on a shared comprehension respect of the goal
organizacional.
• To educate. This way to form an organization that supports the leadership
towards the scope of the institutional aims.
• To give and To obtain feedback.
• To delegate authority suitably. It is necessary to to combine the control
centralized with the decentralized execution.
• not to depend totally on formulae. The leaders must learn to trust also in his
instincts and to develop his hunches
• To drive. It is necessary to guide and direct the subordinates so that they
develop the comprehension and cooperation between all, for the perfection of
the education and instruction in the collective area.
• To instruct. It is necessary to to teach the technical precise notions and direct
the practical exercises, provide to the subordinates the specific knowledge that
they need to fulfill his missions.
 Habilidades y Funciones Gerenciales.

El término de gerencia está referido al "cargo de dirigir y gestionar los

asuntos de una empresa, una sociedad o una organización"; y la persona que
desempeña tal función se le denomina gerente o director general, quien coordina los
recursos internos, representa a la compañía frente a terceros y controla las metas y
objeti – vos. La gerencia es responsable del éxito o el fracaso de un negocio.
Los gerentes, en el desempeño de sus funciones administrativas,
tienden a em plear un conjunto particular o propio de habilidades, destrezas y
criterios conducentes al logro exitoso de objetivos y metas de la organización que
representan. Esto ha ocasionado el surgimiento de estilos de gerencia, y, por ende,
de teorías gerenciales.
Las funciones gerenciales:
Un gerente debe mantenerse atento y mentalmente despierto, pues
necesita afrontar problemas y tiene que adquirir hoy las habilidades que le
conferírán efectividad mañana; igual, necesita la oportunidad de reflexionar acerca
del sentido de su propia experiencia y sobre todo necesita una oportunidad para
auto reflexionar y aprender el modo de hacer valer sus cualidades; y debe conocer y
comprender lo que se espera de él y por qué, con cual patrón se lo medirá y cómo.

Los gerentes determinan aquello que debe dirigirse; los ejecutivos se

encargan de esa dirección. El gerente es quien idea la empresa y quién determina lo
que debe hacerse; delega los puestos necesarios para alcanzar los resultados
deseados, estableciendo los requisitos; genera también la mayor parte del dinero y
conduce al conjunto hacia las oportunidades para acumular riqueza .
Tipos de gerencia
• Existen distintos tipos de gerencia, siendo las clásicas:
• - La gerencia patrimonial. Es aquella donde los puestos principales y los cargos de
mayor jerarquía están en manos de los propietarios de la empresa.
• - La gerencia política. Aquí los puestos gerenciales se asignan en base a la afiliación
y a las lealtades políticas.
• - La gerencia por objetivos. Los esfuerzos se dirigen hacia una meta en común.

Técnicas de liderazgo
• Es justo abordar el aspecto de las técnicas de liderazgo que un gerente debe emplear
para dirigir adecuadamente al personal. A este respecto se recomiendan las siguientes
(14):

• - Moldear la Visión. Lo sencillo resulta mejor, pues la delegación depende de una

comprensión compartida respecto de la meta organizacional.

• - Educar. Para así formar una organización que apoye el liderazgo hacia el alcance de
los objetivos institucionales.

• - Dar y Obtener retroalimentación.

• - Delegar autoridad en forma debida. Se debe combinar el control centralizado con la

ejecución descentralizada.

• - No depender totalmente de fórmulas. Los líderes deben aprender también a confiar

en sus instintos y desarrollar sus corazonadas

• - Conducir. Hay que guiar y dirigir a los subordinados de forma que desarrollen la
comprensión y cooperación entre todos, para la perfección de la educación e
instrucción en el ámbito colectivo.

• - Instruir. Se debe enseñar las nociones técnicas precisas y dirigir los ejercicios
prácticos, para proporcionar a los subordinados los conocimientos específicos que
necesiten para cumplir sus misiones.
 Practice.

1. Opinion about the reading.

Skills and managerial functions.

The functions to direct, to take the control of a company, to coordinate

the internal resources and to represent the organization opposite to third parties it is
the post that a manager recovers; which also he can be named a general manager.
There are great the functions that this one must carry out to expire with the aim of a
company or organization, we might highlight that he is the one who generates most
of the money and drives to the company towards opportunities to accumulate
wealths.
Several types of managements exist but they all work in search of the
same aim, which is to extract to forward the organization. Undoubtedly someone
that the leadership is one of the basic skills that every person must possess on
having been opposite to an organization. The ge rents that it is a leading hobble ja
to be accepted and to serve an equipment, and it must be capable of leading to the
organization, to the groups and likewise.

2. Semantic Maps about the reading.

 Conclusion.

The opinions are points of view that we can give of a topic or or

reading.
Two types of opinion exist which are founded or groundless: the
founded opinions are those that are issued by a base or foundation; and the
groundless opinions are those that are issued without a base that sustains what is
issued.
Thinking is important because thereby we express the form in which
we observe a reading or topic and can add what we should think that it can be
resaltante in the reading, since there can exist details that let's let's want to
highlight.
Some steps or advices that we could follow to think serian:
• It tries that your opinion is easy to deal.
• He writes in a clear and structured way.
• He mentions advantages and disadvantages.
• It is never of more revising the text for if there is some mistake.
• He respects the opinion of the others.
 Reference.

• Disponible en: www.slideshare.net/Calieg/estrategias-de-lectura-318899

 Definition:

Pronoun reference is the grammatical rule that states that every

pronoun must have an antecedent, that the antecedent must be easy to
identify, and that the antecedent must be a noun or a
pronoun. Generally, there is no understood antecedent. If, however, a
pronoun refers to the subject of a "you understood" verb, the
antecedent is "you“ understood.

This terminology refers to the use

Function:
of a pronoun to refer to someone
or something explicitly rather than
to an unknown or implied
Replace a name ( or word that make reference to the name) of a
reference.
person or thing.
Pronoun are indispensable; they replace nouns is our
conversation and writing.
 •

Types:

Ambiguous reference
Occurs when a pronoun can refer to more than one antecedent.

Remote reference
Occurs when a pronoun is so far away from its antecedent that the relationship is
unclear.

Vague reference: this, that, which

The pronouns this, that and which should not refer vaguely to earlier word groups
or ideas. These pronouns should refer to specific antecedents.

Implied Reference
A pronoun must refer to a specific antecedent, not to a word that is
implied but not present in the sentence.

Indefinite Reference: they, it, you

The pronouns they, it, you, should not refer to indefinite word groups or ideas.
 Steps:

1. Make a pronoun refer clearly to one antecedent.

2. Place a pronoun close enough to its antecedent to ensure clarity.
3. Make a pronoun refer to a specific antecedent rather than to an implied
one.
4. Use “it” and “they” to refer to definite antecedents.
5. Use “you” only to mean “you, the reader.”
6. Use then pronoun “it” only one way in a sentence.
7. Use “who,” “which,” and “that” for appropriate antecedents.
 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING:

Use both historical and estimated data in assisting

management in daily operations and in planning future operations.
It deals with specific problem that confront enterprise managers at
various organizational levels.

The management accountant is frequently concerned with

identifying alternative courses of action and then helping to select
the best one. For example, the accountant may assist the company
treasurer in preparing plans for future financing, or may develop
data for use by the sales manager in determining the selling price
to be placed on a new product. In recent years, public accountants
have realized that their training and experience uniquely qualify
them to advise management personnel on policies and
administration. This rapidly growing field of specialization by
CPAs is frequently called management advisory services or
administrative services.
CONTABILIDAD DE GESTIÓN:

Utiliza datos históricos y estimados para ayudar a la gestión en las

operaciones diarias y en la planificación de futuras operaciones. Se trata de
problemas específicos que enfrentan a los gerentes de la empresa en varios
niveles de organización.

El contable de gerencia se refiere con frecuencia identificar cursos

alternativos de acción y luego ayudar a seleccionar el mejor. Por ejemplo, el
contador puede ayudar al Tesorero de la empresa en la preparación de planes
para la futura financiación, o puede desarrollar datos para su uso por el Gerente
de ventas para determinar el precio de venta para colocarse en un nuevo
producto. En los últimos años, los contadores públicos se han dado cuenta de
que su formación y experiencia única califican para asesorar a directivos en
políticas y administración. Este creciente campo de especialización por CPA
con frecuencia se llama servicios de asesoramiento de gestión o de servicios
administrativos.

Main idea

Supporting Details
 Practice 1:

The pronoun in boldface has a clear antecedent:

In recent years, public accountants have realized that their training and
experience uniquely qualify them to advise management personnel on policies
and administration.

True X

False___

The pronoun in boldface has a clear antecedent:

This rapidly growing field of specialization by CPAs is frequently called

management advisory services or administrative services.

True__
False X
References:

Pronoun Reference - The Writing Centre: Disponible en...

http:www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/.../pronref.html

Using Pronouns Correctly: Pronoun Reference: Disponible en....

http:www.bucks.edu/.../UsingPronounsCorrectly-Pro.

Pronoun Reference: Disponible en………..

http:www.rlsimmons.blogs.com/enc1101/files/proref.ppt -
 ❖ DEFINITION.

UNDERLINE: Is an analysis technique that will serve as a basis for

other subsequent technical. Seeks to highlight the main ideas of the text,
facilitating their study.

❖ FUCTION.

➢ Highlight the most important parts of the text.

➢ Prevents the loss of time.
➢ Facilitates quick survey of the topic.
➢ Serves for analysis and synthesis: summary, diagrams, tokens, etc.
 ❖ PURPOSES.

o Capture the ideas and details of reading.

o Point, reduce and distil the necessary information from a text.

o Shorten the duration of the study and review when you return to the
material by increasing their effectiveness and efficiency the use of their
working time.
o Improve reading comprehension.

❖ TYPES.

✓ Linear: it consists in putting different modalities of lines beneath what we

want to highlight in a text, you will find main ideas, secondary schools,
details and examples.

✓ Structural: is to stress the structure or internal organization of the reading

done in left margin of the text and used numbers and letters, as well as
arrows and key words.

✓ Sharpness: this is the kind of stressed that highlights our recovery

personnel of the text, making a right margin and indicates our doubts,
clarifications, points of interest, relations with other readings, integrations.

✓ Side: this stressed is also done with lines to highlight or draw attention to
a paragraph that indicates or communicate an idea of the utmost importance.
 ❖ GUIDELINES.

A series of guidelines exists for the production of the underlined one, which
allows to highlight the concepts of major relevancy in a text.
• only began to stress after a first comprehensive reading of the text, the
typical error committed is to start to underline the text at first reading and
set aside readings for significant understanding of this posterires.

• It is suitable to go Stressing paragraph to paragraph. first paragraph is

read and then underlines the main idea of this.

• se underline key words only and not complete sentences. For instance:
"the results of the elections in Italy have been very hotly contested.

• It is possible to use a couple of colors, one of them to emphasize relevant

mas. It is not suitable to use too many colors, since it can stand out
difficultly later to identify because it was done

se must remember that the underlined one promotes the

concentration in the task and allows to synthesize the studied
contents, as the first measure to realize practical and effective
summaries.
 ➢ IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT
• It helps in Achieving Group Goals- It arranges the factors of production, assembles
and organizes the resources, integrates the resources in effective manner to achieve
goals. It directs group efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals. By defining
objective of organization clearly there would be no wastage of time, money and effort.
Management converts disorganized resources of men, machines, money etc. Into useful
enterprise. These resources are coordinated, directed and controlled in such a manner
that enterprise work towards attainment of goals.
• Optimum Utilization of Resources- Management utilizes all the physical y human
resources productively. This leads to efficacy in management. Management provides
maximum utilization of scarce resources by selecting its best possible alternate use in
industry from out of various uses. It makes ese of experts, professional and these
services leads to use of their skills, knowledge, and proper utilization and avoids
wastage.It employees and machines arfe producing its maximum there is no under
employment of any resources.
• Reduces Costs- It gest maximum results through minimun input by proper planning
and by using minimun input y getting maximumoutout. Management uses physical,
human and financial resources in such a manner which result in best combination. This
helps in cost reduction.
• Establishes Equilibrium- It enables the organization to survive in changing
environment. It feeps in touch with the cahnging environment. With the change is
external environment, the initial coordination of market / changing needs of societies. It
is responsibles for growth and survival of organization.
• Essentials for Prosperity of Society- Efficient management leads to better economical
production which hepls in turn to increase the welfare of people. Good management
makes a difficult task easier by avoiding wastage of scarce resources. It improves
standard of living. It increases the profit which is beneficial to business and society will
get maximum output at minimum cost by creating employment opportunities which
generate income in hands. Organization comes with new products and researches
beneficial for society.
 ➢ IMPORTANCIA DE LA GESTIÓN.
• Le ayuda en la consecución de los objetivos del grupo- Arregla los factores de producción,
ensambla y organiza los recursos. Integra los recursos de manera eficaz para lograr los objetivos.
Dirige los esfuerzos del grupo para la consecución de los objetivos pre-determinados. Mediante la
definición de objetivo de la organización claramente no habría perdida de tiempo, dinero y esfuerzo.
Gestión de recursos convierte desorganizaciones de hombres, maquinas, etc. Dinero en empresas de
utilidad. Estos recursos están coordinados, dirigidos y controlados de tal manera que la empresa de
trabajo hacia el logro de metas.
• Utilización optima de los recursos- Gestión utiliza todos los recursos físicos y humanos de
manera productiva. Esto conduce a la eficacia en la gestión. La gestión proporciona la máxima
utilización de los escasos recursos mediante la selección de su mejor uso alternativo posible en la
industria de los usos diversos. Se hace uso de expertos, profesionales y servicios de estos lleva a la
utilización de sus habilidades, el conocimiento y la utilización adecuada y evita el desperdicio. Si los
empleados y las maquinas están produciendo a su máxima no hay bajo el empleo de los recursos.
• Reduce costos- Se pone el máximo de resultados a través de entrada mínimo mediante una
planificación adecuada y mediante el uso mínimo de la entrada y obtener el máximo rendimiento.
La gerencia utiliza los recursos físicos, humanos y financieros, de tal manera que resulta en mejor
combinación. Esto ayuda en la reducción de costos.
• Establece el equilibrio- Permite a la organización para sobrevivir en un entorno cambiante. Se
mantiene en contacto con los cambios del entorno. Con el cambio es favorable al medio ambiente
externo, la coordinación inicial de la organización debe ser cambiada. Por lo tanto, se adapta a la
demanda cambiante organización del mercado / necesidades cambiantes de la sociedad. Es
responsable para el crecimiento y la supervivencia de la organización.
• Esenciales para la prosperidad de la sociedad- Gestión eficiente conduce a una mejor producción
rentable que ayuda a su vez a aumentar el bienestar de las personas. La buena administración hace
una tarea difícil mas fácil, evitando el desperdicio de recursos escasos. Mejora la calidad de vida.
Aumenta la ganancia que es beneficio para las empresas y la sociedad se beneficia de la salida
máxima a un costo mínimo mediante la creación de oportunidades de empleo que generan ingresos
en las manos de obra. Organización viene con nuevos productos e investigaciones beneficiosas para
la sociedad.
 ❖ PRACTICE I.

➢ Referred to in the underscore?

The underscore is to highlight, or underline by using a code for

streaks, signs of enhancement or calls attention, those ideas or data
of a fundamental topic,

❑ Favors to capture the fundamental ideas.

❑ It is the basis of study of assimilation and memorization,
❑ Organization and reading comprehension.
❑ Helps us to provide our full attention in reading.

➢ We drink stress?

❑ Title and subtitles.

❑ Main ideas of a text.
❑ More active study.
 ❖ PRACTICE II.

Summary of the text.

To obtain an excellent management is essential to define the objectives

previously in a clear manner, in order to avoid loss of time, money and effort,
which will serve as the basis for the decision-making, taking into account the
factors of production, to assemble organize resources efficiently, and is
optimally you must use the resources, since the management uses all the
physical and human resources, where experts, professionals and services must
be taken into account, bringing them to produce their.

Establishes balance in the organization which allows us to be updated and

prepared for the constant changes in the society to which we must adapt. Lan
management provides quality of life for society, generates employment and
development for each nation.
 ❖ REFERENCE.

❖ http://es.slideshare.net/soledadaguirrecoronado/el-subrayadopptx.

❖ http://es.slideshare.net/Lilianabonin/el-subrayado-
5211651?utm_source=slideshow01&utm_medium=ssemail&utm_c
ampaign=share_slideshow_loggedout.

❖ http://es.slideshare.net/TALLARIN/subrayado-
presentation?utm_source=slideshow01&utm_medium=ssemail&ut
m_campaign=share_slideshow_loggedout.

❖ http://es.slideshare.net/RomyMarielDaz/subrayado-
10876190?utm_source=slideshow01&utm_medium=ssemail&utm_
campaign=share_slideshow_loggedout.

❖ http://es.slideshare.net/manezawa/reglas-para-el-subrayado.
Visualising
Text
 WHAT IS IT?

Visualizing refers to our ability to create pictures in our heads

based on text we read or words we hear. It is one of many skills that
makes reading comprehension possible.
 Why Is It Important?
Visualizing strengthens reading comprehension skills as
students gain a more thorough understanding of the text they are
reading by consciously using the words to create mental images. As
students gain more deliberate practice with this skill, the act of
visualizing text becomes automatic. Students who visualize as they
read not only have a richer reading experience but can recall what
they have read for longer periods of time. (Harvey & Goudvis 2000)

Visualizing text as it is being read or heard also creates

personal links between the readers/listeners and text. Readers who
can imagine the characters they read about, for instance, may
become more involved with what they are reading. This makes for a
more meaningful reading experience and promotes continued
reading.
 HOW CAN YOU MAKE IT HAPPEN?

Visualizing is a skill that can be helpful in many domains, and

while it is often associated with teaching early readers, even experienced
readers can benefit from practice with this skill. When selecting a text for
a visualizing activity, start with a piece that contains descriptive language
and strong verbs and that lends itself to conjuring vivid images. It is not
necessary to start with an entire book—even a well-crafted sentence or
short paragraph can provide a rich springboard for a visualizing lesson.
 GROUP ACTIVITIES

Students can work on their visualizing skills as a whole class or in

small groups. One way to challenge young students to improve their
visualizing is to read a picture book aloud, sharing only portions of the
illustrations. Then ask students to create their own illustrations based on
the text they heard. More advanced readers might listen to a selection
from a novel that the class has been reading and create a picture or written
description of a character or setting based on the information in the text.
 TEXTO COMPLEMENTARIO

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING

Human resource planning is the process by which managers

ensure that they have the right number and kinds of people in the
right places, and at the right times, who are capable of effectively
and efficiently completing those tasks that will help the
organization achieve its overall objectives. In other words,
human resource planning translates the organizations objectives
into terms of the workers needed to meet those objectives. In
other words, human resource planning translates the
organization's objectives into terms of the workers needed to
meet those objectives. Human resource planning can be
condensed into three steps: (1) assessing current human
resources, (2) assessing future human resource needs, and (3)
developing a program to meet future human resource needs.
 TRADUCCION DEL TEXTO COMPLEMENTARIO

PLANIFICACIÓN DE RECURSOS HUMANOS

La Planificación de recursos humanos es el proceso mediante

el cual los gerentes asegurar que tienen el número correcto y tipo de
personas en los lugares correctos, y en los momentos adecuados,
que son capaces de completar con eficacia y eficiencia las tareas
que le ayudarán a la organización a lograr sus objetivos generales.
En otras palabras, la planificación de los recursos humanos traduce
los objetivos de la organización en términos de los trabajadores
vean necesarios para cumplir esos objetivos. La Planificación de
recursos humanos se puede condensar en tres pasos: (1) la
evaluación de los actuales recursos humanos, (2) evaluar las futuras
necesidades de recursos humanos, y (3) desarrollar un programa
para satisfacer las futuras necesidades de los recursos humanos.
 CONCLUSION

Cuando hablamos de textos de visualización nos referimos a

aquellos textos que permiten ampliar nuestra imaginación, es decir,
adentrarnos en la lectura y obtener la capacidad de imaginar desde
lugares, rostros, cosas hasta paisajes y situaciones.

Son importantes porque nos da a entender que estamos

involucrados con el texto a leer y establecemos desde el punto de
vista poético una conexión con el autor. Por ejemplo, cuando
leemos libros de fantasía, nuestro cerebro se puede estimular de tal
modo, que podemos llegar a entender a los protagonistas y sentir
que formamos parte de la historia.
 REFERENCES

http://www.teachervision.fen.com/tv/ads/rb-
tvConcordia0113.html?page_type=article&page=%2Freading-comprehension%2Fskill-
builder%2F48791.html%3Fpage%3D1%26detoured%3D1
 PART THREE:
POST READING
STRATEGIES
IDENTIFYING THE AUTHOR´S
STYLE FOR ORGANIZING THE
TEXT
 ❖ Author's style as text organization

❖ Style Definitions:
It is the way the author writes using plasma which own particular traits.
Style is an expression of the author's personality. It is the face of the soul. He
is the man. It's your life.
Each author is a new style. Exactly inimitable., Inevitable, all it would seem.
Two authors can never seem to write but their styles are exact copies of each
other. Not that discuss the same topic. Not using the same words. Neither they put
in their works the same fervor.
❖ Function:
function is to highlight the different views of each text by the author's style
because like, captive and admires; leaves mark, because the author denotes culture,
tastes, personality, way of being, sign and signal many things, either knowledge,
skill, training, points of view, independence, are living parts of the writer who has
left in its wake in the arts, literature, sciences, religions, personalizing something as
experiential and differs from the other, but yet is invisible, not even know you have
and certainly can not define, all said, we are all in the same plane, we see, hear and
think about the same, but yet, everyone gives their own way.
 TYPES OF STYLES BY LEVEL OF LANGUAGE USED

❖ Formal style.
It is characterized by its theme selected, specialized vocabulary. Use indirect
language of designating objects or actions by periphrasis. This style is widely used in
academic speeches, essays, seminars, scientific reports, dissertations among others ...

"After the initial excitement-logic in that situation, we began to talk. Soon we

realized that our meeting was not accidental. Though she was very clear about their
intentions, and so I repeated it several times that afternoon we mutually confess our
sorrows, and started this relationship that has turned my life around. [...]

After two or three games I concluded that she had decided to erase from your mind
any possibility of maintaining a stable relationship with a man. I do not know what
experiences once had, but I started thinking that I explained in detail his past relationships.
"

❖ Poetic style.
It is used both in verse and prose. In this style shows the predominance of stylistic
figures, words with connotative value. The predominant language is the artistic or
aesthetic.

The author seeks to arouse emotions and pleasant or unpleasant feelings.

Eg "Behold, thou art fair, my love. 'Eyes within thy locks, like a dove; your lips
like threads of scarlet, and thy speech is comely. Thy neck is like the tower of David
builder for an armory." Songs 4
 ❖ Popular or informal style.

Used daily in single communication. Its terms are common, straightforward

and plain. In this style abound profanity, wrong, etc.. This style is typical of the
idealistic culture.

Eg "Back then it was mandatory eat together, children, grandchildren,

cousins ​and uncles on the coffee table near the railing. Never lacked food in the
aguacatico and full of beans cocoon on a white plate and deep. That if! grandfather
always left the snack for the old, and in the afternoon it was fixed in guano table. "

❖ Scientific Style and Demonstration

In this style, the writer must convince the reader, not only by argument, but
by deeds. In this style denotative words are used in the forward direction. This style
is accurate and precise, are also avoided many verbs and words adorned. The
method used is that of logical argument, based on facts and conclusions, theorems
and demonstration.

Eg "Water is composed of two molecules of hydrogen and one of oxygen,

resulting in the scientific composition or formula H2O. This composition is
standard in its natural state and is also unchanged, which means that, no matter the
volume or mass, maintain their characteristics H2O composition. "
 ❖ Picturesque style.

It is a style in which the narrator tries to give life through vividly descriptive,
emphasizing the fundamental, so that in this way, record firmly in the reader's
imagination.
Eg The Lion
"Stooped and staring at his prey, moving slowly as the wind, between the
savanna grassland, advanced, still, still did not divert attention from one dish that could
be his food for several days. Was released suddenly, as lightning descends from the
clouds, and in the blink of an eye, looked dominant on that goat defenseless. "

❖ OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work style is to have a concept of what the style, as the style is
classified and what elements are taken into account when classifying. Characteristics of
these and different from each other.

The style in the Spanish language is an indispensable tool for the person who
tells or writes an event or story.

The style is very used to shape what is written. Just as we wear different style of
pants, shirts apparel, using different colors depending on the time of year or season, so
the style is the dress that exposes the narrator in order to draw the attention of those
who see in this case reading your writing
 ❖ CLASSIFICATION AS STYLE OBJETIVE OR SUBJETIVE

✓ Direct Style:

It is one in which the person who speaks or writes repeats verbatim what he said
another or the same. Also in the direct style speaks the character and not the narrator. This
style is objective because the author tries to give the text an exact expression of things.
This story is usually indicated by stripes or quotes.

Eg "They said: - Show us the way.

He said to them - I am the way, the truth and the life: no man comes to the Father
except through me. "

✓ Indirect Style:

It is where the author or narrator cites indirectly what the character said. The author
presents his understanding what happened in the story. When writing the writer judges and
explains what he thinks about something, a story, a fact, among others ... also noteworthy
that in indirect speech the narrator is the main figure and character narrates indirectly
quoting.

Eg "They cried out with one voice if he would show them the way, to which Jesus
claimed to be the way, the truth and the life and added that no one would go to the father
except through him."
 ❖ FEATURES DIRECT AND INDIRECT STYLE

✓ DIRECT STYLE FEATURES

- The narrator says, only transcribed.
- The text is full of life and strength.
- It seems that events occurring before our eyes.
- The style is objective. The author tries to give the reader an accurate
impression of things.
- Discuss the character, not the narrator.
- Graphically, usually indicated by line of dialogue or quotes.
✓ INDIRECT style feature.
- The writing is subjective.
- The narrator speaks indirectly citing the character.
- Adapt and pronominal verb forms and time the person narrator.
 ACCOUNTING

• The 'public accountant' is a career, aimed at specialization in the

accounting discipline, in which trains men and women for the
generation of accounting information, the administrative, and fiscal
costs and taxes the operations of public and private companies.
Its activity focuses mainly on generating and interpreting accounting
information for decision making, administration both public and private
administration, management and resolution of economic problems. Likewise, the
CPA is in the ability to generate discourses of critical high-level, in order to
collaborate in the creation of literature aimed at transforming the financial
framework, these works being able to promote new financial operating policies, in
order to take action in the public and private sectors to facilitate the interpretation
of financial information. The Count organizes and directs accounting services and
advises on accounting issues to individuals, companies, institutions and
government agencies. Involved in the preparation of budgetary policy, advises on
financial problems, managerial accounting organization. Oversees accounting
operations in a particular establishment, organizes and directs the work of the
Counter attendants, cashiers and bookkeepers. If you work in the free exercise, can
lead the company accounts upon request.
 CONTADURIA

La 'contaduría pública' es una carrera profesional, cuyo objetivo es la

especialización en la disciplina contable, en la cual se capacita a hombres y mujeres para
la generación de la información de la contabilidad, la situación administrativa,
los costos y fiscalidad e impuestos de las operaciones de
las empresas públicas y privadas.

Su actividad se enfoca principalmente a generar e interpretar la información de

la contabilidad para la Toma de decisiones, la Administración tanto la Administración
pública como privada, la dirección y la solución de los problemas económicos. De igual
forma el contador público está en la capacidad de generar discursos de carácter crítico de
alto nivel, con la finalidad de colaborar en la conformación de literatura encaminada hacia
la transformación del marco financiero, siendo estas obras capaces de promover nuevas
políticas de funcionamiento financiero, con la finalidad de emprender acciones a nivel
público y privado que faciliten la interpretación de la información financiera .El Contador
organiza y dirige los servicios de contabilidad y asesora sobre los problemas de
contabilidad a particulares, empresas, instituciones y organismos gubernamentales.
Interviene en la elaboración de la política presupuestaria, asesora en problemas
financieros, contabilidad administrativa y organización. Supervisa las operaciones
contables en un establecimiento particular, organiza y dirige el trabajo de los asistentes del
contador, cajeros y tenedores de libros. Si trabaja en el libre ejercicio, puede llevar la
contabilidad de las empresas que lo soliciten.
 ❖ PRACTICE

❖ .STYLE BY THE ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXT

It is formal, because it is a text in which words are used completely
specialized, with a selected theme which the author demonstrates the most
appropriate lexicon.
❖ TEXT IS CLASSIFIED
As indirect, since the form of writing is subjective, just as are adopted
pronominal verb forms and the narrator for text.

Text CLASSIFICATI
ACCOUNTING ON
STYLE

INDIRECTLY
INDIRECT
FORM QUOTE SAID
WHAT THE
CHARACTER

SPECIALIZED
VOCABULARY The author argues
THEMATIC UNDERSTAND WHAT
SELECTA HAPPENED TO THE
NARRATIVE
 CONCLUSION

This paper concludes by listing synthetically most prominent elements of

style.
The style.

It is the proper way to express each author, each school literary, of every age,
among others ... So, not only can we talk about the style of Cervantes
(characteristic of this great author), but culturing style (typical of a Spanish school
seventeenth century) or the Renaissance style (typical of the Renaissance).

From the beginnings of European literature - Greece and Rome - it was

believed that the style had to adapt to the theme of that talk.

This was because the world looked perfectly ordered, and said that every
thing was for him a way to be fixed, and certain words to express it. For example -
a hero should be-always-mighty of valor, a king, powerful and righteous, a girl,
innocent and sweet, a servant, faithful and helpful ... Similarly, a few words or
expressions would be more appropriate to speak of the hero, while others would be
to refer to the servant
 BIBLIOGRAFIA

• Hernández, Cristina and Sonia Medrano, Spanish Language Course in Basic

II, university press 1991.

• Díaz Castillo, Welcome. Let Drafting Basic Course. UASD Edition 2003
Edition 0.12.

• Hernandez, Cristina and Sonia Medrano, Spanish Language Course in Basic

I, editorial Owl 2nd. 2001 Edition.

• Alvino Romera, Sonia. Practical Manual General Drafting. Editorial Owl

2002.

• Google
CONCEPTUAL MAP
MIND MAP &
SEMANTIC MAP
 ¿QUÉ ES UN MAPA SEMANTICO?

El mapa semántico es una técnica que permite que el alumno

tome conciencia de la relación de las palabras entre sí. En general, se
inicia con una " lluvia de ideas " durante la cual los estudiantes
realizan asociaciones con una palabra dada.

Los mapas semánticos no tienen ninguna estructura jerárquica,

como los mapas mentales o los conceptuales, y sirven para explorar el
conocimiento sobre un determinado tema o concepto. Se empieza con
una lluvia de ideas sobre un concepto y posteriormente se conectan las
palabras mediante líneas para indicar relaciones entre ellas.

Un mapa semántico es una manera de representar ideas

gráficamente, de ordenar las ideas sobre la comprensión de un texto
 Los MAPAS CONCEPTUALES deben ser simples, y mostrar claramente
las relaciones entre conceptos y/o proposiciones

· Van de lo general a lo específico, las ideas más generales o inclusivas,

ocupan el ápice o parte superior de la estructura y las más específicas y los
ejemplos la parte inferior

Deben ser vistosos, mientras más visual se haga el mapa, la cantidad de

materia que se logra memorizar aumenta y se acrecienta la duración de esa
memorización.
· Los conceptos, que nunca se repiten, van dentro de óvalos y la palabras
enlace se ubican cerca de las líneas de relación.
· Es conveniente escribir los conceptos con letra mayúscula y las palabras
de enlace en minúscula, pudiendo ser distintas a las utilizadas en el texto, siempre
y cuando se mantenga el significado de la proposición.
 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Management plays a virtal role in any business or organized activity. management
is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organization at all
levels. their duties include making sure company goals are met and seeing that
the business operates efficiently. regardless of the specific job, most managers
perform four basic functions. these management functions are planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling.

planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how

goals can be best achieved. managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing
a specific course of action and then check to see that the chosen plan fits into
the objetive established at higher organizational levels. planning is listed as the
main management function because the others depend on in it. however, even as
managers move on to perform other managerial function, planning continues as
goals and alternatives are further evaluated and revised

organizing, the second management function is the process of putting the plan
into action. this involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that
the overall objetives can be attained. in this phase managers decide on the
positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities.
staffing. choosing the right person for the right job, may also included as part of
the organizing function.
 third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. in directing,
managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential
abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the
planning process. effective direction, or supervision, by managers requires ongoing
communication with employees.

in the last management functions, controlling, managers evaluate how well company
objectives are being met. in order to complete this evaluation, managers must look at
the objectives established in the planning phase and how well the tasks asigned in
the directing phase are being completed. if major problems exist and goals are not
being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company is organizational or
managerial structure. in making changes, managers might have to go back and
replan, reorganize, and redirect.

in orde to perform these functions adequately and efficiently, managers need

interpersonal, organizational and technical skills. although all four functions are
managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation.
effective mangers meet the objectives of the company through a sccessful
combination of planning , organizing, directing and controlling.
 FUNCION DE GESTION

• Gestión juega un papel vital en cualquier negocio o actividad organizada. Gestión

está compuesto por un equipo de gerente, quien tendrá a su cargo la organización a
todos los niveles. Sus funciones incluyen hacer que las metas se cumplan seguro de
la empresa y viendo que el negocio funcione eficientemente. Independientemente
del trabajo específico, la mayoría de los administradores realizar cuatro funciones
básicas. Estas funciones de gestión son la planificación, organización, dirección y
control.

Planificación consiste en determinar los objetivos generales de la empresa y decidir

qué objetivos pueden alcanzarse mejor. Gerentes evaluar planes alternativos antes
de elegir un curso de acción específico y luego verifique que el plan elegido se
inscribe en el objetivo establecido en los niveles superiores de la organización.
Planificación aparece como la función principal de gestión debido a que los otros
dependen de él. Sin embargo, incluso como administradoras pasar a realizar otra
función directiva, la planificación sigue como objetivos y alternativas son más
evaluadas y revisadas.
•
La organización, la función de gestión segundo es el proceso de poner el plan
en acción. Se trata de la asignación de recursos, especialmente los recursos humanos, a fin
de que los Objetivos generales pueden ser alcanzados. En esta fase los administradores
deben decidir sobre los cargos que se crean, y determinar las funciones y
responsabilidades asociadas. Dotación de personal. Elegir a la persona adecuada para el
trabajo adecuado, también pueden incluirse como parte de la función de organización.
• Tercero es la dirección del día a día y la supervisión de los empleados. En
dirigir, orientar a los administradores, enseñar y motivar a los trabajadores
para que alcancen sus capacidades potenciales y al mismo tiempo alcanzar
los objetivos de la empresa que se establecieron en el proceso de
planificación. Dirección efectiva o supervisión por parte de gerentes requiere
una comunicación constante con los empleados.

• En las últimas funciones de gestión, el control, los administradores evaluar

qué tan bien los objetivos de la empresa se ​están cumpliendo. Con el fin de
completar esta evaluación, los gerentes deben mirar a los objetivos
establecidos en la fase de planificación y qué tan bien las tareas ASIGNADA
en la fase de dirección se están terminando. si existen problemas importantes
y metas no están siendo alcanzados, los cambios deben realizarse en la
empresa es la estructura organizativa o de gestión. Para hacer los cambios,
los gerentes podrían tener que volver atrás y replantear, reorganizar y
reorientar.

En orden para realizar estas funciones de manera adecuada y eficiente, los

gerentes necesitan habilidades interpersonales, organizacionales y técnicos.
Aunque las cuatro funciones son funciones de dirección, la importancia de
cada uno puede variar dependiendo de la situación. Gestores eficaces cumplir
con los objetivos de la empresa a través de una exitosa combinación de
planificación, organización, dirección y control.
Mind map Planning
¿you want
to do?

Controlling Administratio Organization

¿as done? n ¿as will
bedone?

Direction
¿see it
done ?
 Método y estrategia
elements science technique art

definition Set of ordered and Toolkint rules, Set of techniques

sistematized procedures and and theories,
knowledge,univers expertise aimed which aims to
ally valid, based utilitarian cause an aesthetic
on application please thorough
atheoryconcercing the senses.
general truths

object Knowledge of the Practical aplication brauty

world. The search or utility Skill
for truth Expression

Method Research Instruments Techniques

Observation Procedures Theories
Experimentation Scientific Emotionality
Polls knowledge creativity

Foundation General laws Principles and Rules

priciples practical
application rules
Writing a Summary
 Writing a Summary

ng nor should it be long. To write a summary, use your own words to express briefly the main id
 Purposes and types

will make it clear which ideas are those of the author and the text being sum
the reader. The key point summary involves a full accounting and complete representation of the
 GUIDELINES

PROCESS FOR WRITING A SUMMARY

• Sometimes, the central idea of the piece is stated in the introduction or first
paragraph, and the supporting ideas of this central idea are presented one by one
in the following paragraphs. Always read the introductory paragraph thoughtfully
and look for a thesis statement. Finding the thesis statement is like finding a key
to a locked door. Frequently, however, the thesis, or central idea, is implied or
suggested. Thus, you will have to work harder to figure out what the author wants
readers to understand. Use any hints that may shed light on the meaning of the
piece: pay attention to the title and any headings and to the opening and closing
lines of paragraphs.
• In writing the summary, let your reader know the piece that you are summarizing.
Identify the title, author and source of the piece.
 practice N1
ent, one of the most important sources of wealth and that are responsible for the execu
 practice N2
making. You must also prepare the financial statements required by the aut

ndently as a dependent) to serve decision making.

ing for the general public. Clear is that the summaries have to have a certa
 suggestions

• Do not rewrite the original piece.

• Keep your summary short.
• Use your own wording.
• Refer to the central and main ideas of the original piece.
• Read with who, what, when, where, why and how questions in mind.
• Do not put in your opinion of the issue or topic discussed in the original piece.
Often, instructors ask students to put their opinions in a paragraph separate
from the summary.
 reference

• http://homepage.smc.edu/reading_lab/writing_a_summary.htm
• http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/teaching/summaryresponse/summary.cfm
• http://www.enotes.com/how-write-summary-how-to/how-write-summary