Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary petrology
is the study of the composition and origin of sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary petrography
is the description and classification of sedimentary rocks.
The word petrography suggests the study is done using the petrographic
microscope.
Why are Sedimentary rocks Important?

• All oil, gas and coal deposits and many ore deposits occur in
sedimentary rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are important building materials.
• Sedimentary rocks provide us with the best window into the
past. - the past may allow us to predict the future.
• Sedimentary rocks constitute 75% of the earth's surface.
Sedimentary Rocks
Two main categories of sedimentary rocks
1. Clastic (aka detrital) rocks
2. Chemical
3. Oeganic

Sedimentary rocks

• Stratification visible
– Bedding
– Lamination
• Fossils present
• Grains or pebbles visible
• Sedimentary minerals (e.g. glauconite) present
• Sedimentary structures visible on bedding planes

Some generalities
1. Shale 65%, sandstone 15-20%, limestone 10-15%, others <5%
2. Cover ~75% of land area (including continental shelf)
• Average ~2 km thick on continents
3. <5% crustal volume
4. Oceanic sediments: average thickness ~0.5 km
Sedimentary rocks are the end product of a series of processes:

• Weathering
• Erosion
• Transportation: (via water, air, ice, gravity) as solid particles or in solution
• Deposition: (wide variety of depositional environments)
• Lithification: process of turning loose sediment into solid rock by
compaction and cementation during burial
• Diagenesis: physical, chemical and biological changes due to burial and
modest heating (up to ~150ºC)

Constituents of sedimentary rocks

• Clastic rocks: Clay minerals > Quartz > Feldspar (K-fsp > plag) + a few %
super-stable heavy minerals (zircon, tourmaline, rutile)
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks8.html
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Non Clastik
Clastic rocks Chemical & Organic rocks
 Sandstones
 Conglomerates
 Breccia
 Shale/mudston
es
Carbonate rocks Organic rocks

Form basically from Form due to

Evaporitic rocks decomposition of
CaCO3 – both by
chemical leaching and organic remains
These rocks are formed
by organic source under temperature
due to evaporation of saline
(biochemical) eg. and pressure eg.
water (sea water)
Limestone; dolomite Coal/Lignite etc.
eg. Gypsum, Halit
(rock salt)
 CLASTIC ROCKS
 formed from broken rock fragments weathered and
eroded by river, glacier, wind and sea waves. These clastic
sediments are found deposited on floodplains, beaches, in
desert and on the sea floors.

solidify Clastic rocks

• Clastic rocks are classified on the basis of the

grain size: conglomerate, sandstone, shale etc.
 Clastic rocks–made of cemented sediments—are
classified by their grain sizes.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks9.html
NONCLASTIC ROCKS
Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation (settling
out from a solution.) Limestone is made from calcite, chert
from quartz, and halite is rock salt.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks10.html
Biologic sedimentary rocks come from the
remains of organic matter.
 The most important of these is
coal. Anthracite coal results
from the greatest pressure
and releases the most energy
when burned. Other varieties
are bituminous and lignite.
“Petrified” (permineralized)
wood is another organic rock.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks11.html
Sedimentary rocks
• Stratification visible
– Bedding
– Lamination
• Fossils present
• Grains or pebbles visible
• Sedimentary minerals (e.g. glauconite) present
• Sedimentary structures visible on bedding planes
TEKSTUR BATUAN SEDIMEN
1. Besar Butir :
2. Pemilahan
3. Kebundaran
4. Kemas (fabric)
5. Porositas
6. Semen dan Masa Dasar
1. BESAR BUTIR
Ukuran (diameter dari fragmen).
Skala pembatasan yang dipakai adalah skala Wentworth.
Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks
gravel
&
conglomerate

sand
&
sandstone

clay, silt
&
mudstone
Transportasi Sedimen dan Ukuran Butir Sedimen
2. Pemilahan (Sorting)
Pemilahan adalah tingkat keseragaman butir.
(2) Degree of sorting
Good sorting
Poor Sorting
3. Kebundaran (roundness)
Kebundaran adalah tingkat kelengkungan dari fragmen/butir.

Degree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation

•Angular clasts- short distance transport from the source

•Rounded clasts- long distance transport

Angularity or roundness is a
measure of the distance of
transportation
Roundness & Angularity

Well rounded, well sorted Poorly rounded, poorly sorted

4. KEMAS (FABRIC)
 Kemas adalah sifat hubungan antar butir di dalam suatu masa
dasar atau di antara semen.
 Kemas terbuka untuk butiran tidak saling menyentuh.
 Kemas tertutup untuk butiran saling menyentuh.
5. POROSITAS
 Porositas adalah perbandingan antara jumlah volume rongga
dan volume keseluruhan dari satu batuan.
 Dapat diuji dengan meneteskan cairan pada batuan.
 Istilah kuantitatif : sangat baik, baik, sedang, buruk.

5. SEMEN DAN MASA DASAR

 Semen adalah bahan yang mengikat butiran, terbentuk pada
saat pembentukan batuan, dapat berupa silika, oksida besi,
atau mineral lempung.
 Matriks adalah masa dimana fragmen berada dalam satu
kesatuan.
STRUKTUR SEDIMEN
 Struktur dalam batuan yang terjadi pada saat pembentukan
batuan tersebut.
 Menggambarkan kondisi lingkungan pengendapan batuan.
 Contoh pada batuan sedimen seperti: perlapisan, gradded
bedding, silang siur, ripple mark, mud crack, rain drop, dsb.
 Struktur primer mengikuti hukum sedimentologi (Hukum
Steno), yaitu Superposition, Original Horizontality dan Lateral
Continuity
Struktur Primer pada Batuan Sedimen

up

Bedding Laminations Cross-Beds (asymmetric)

up
up

Graded Bedding Oscillation Ripples (symmetric)

up

Mud Cracks

up

Rain Drops / Footprints

Estimating Textural Maturity
• Immature
– Poor sorting
– Angular grains
– High matrix content
• Mature
– No matrix
– Moderate-good sorting
– Degree of rounding
• Supermature
– No matrix
– Very good sorting
– High degree of roundness
Maturity
Maturity