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Section 13
Unit 39
1
Introduction
2
Concrete
3
Concrete
4
Concrete - cont.
Advantages
– Fireproof – Attractive
5
Concrete - cont.
Disadvantages
– Labor intensive
– Requires moving a lot of weight
– Requires forms
– Dense material
– Special skills required to place and finish
6
Seven (7) Characteristics of Concrete
4. Fire resistant
5. Very strong in compression
6. Weak in tension
7
Characteristic 1
Durability
8
Characteristic 2
Resists Attack by Water
Two characteristics;
watertightness and permeability.
9
Characteristic 2
Resists Attack by Water -cont.
The same properties of concrete that make it less permeable also
make it more watertight.
10
Characteristic 3
Resists manures and most chemicals.
11
Characteristic 4
Fire Resistant
12
The compressive strength depends
Characteristic 5
on:
1. The strength of the aggregate Strong in Compression
2. Proportion of aggregate sizes
3. Type of Portland cement
4. Purity of water
5. Uniformity of mixture
6. Procedures used in placing, Compress ive
finishing and curing Material Stren gth
(lb/in 2 )
Concrete 2 5 ,0 00
Wood* 2 – 4 ,00 0
Stone
Granite 1 0 ,0 00
Limestone 1 0 ,0 00
Marble 1 0 ,0 00
Sandst one 5 ,00 0
* Parallel to th e g rain
13
Compressive Strength Influenced by Water/cement Ratio
14
Characteristic 6
Concrete is weak in tension
Does this table and picture show why steel reinforcement is use in
concrete?
15
Characteristic 7
Concrete is resistant to freezing and thawing
The resistance decreases as the permeability increases.
When concrete spaces are 91% or more full of water, freezing
will damage the concrete.
When water freezes to ice it occupies 9% more volume than
that of water.
Air entrained concrete is less permeable.
Example of freezing damage:
16
Concrete Constituents
17
Concrete Constituents
Process: the paste binds the aggregates into a rocklike mass as the
paste hardens because of the chemical reaction (hydration)
of the Portland cement and water.
18
Proportion of Constituents
19
Admixtures
20
Admixtures - cont.
21
Types of Cement
Type I Normal
22
Air Entrained
Spalding is a characteristic of
using concrete without air
entrainment.
23
1. Increased freeze-thaw resistance
4. Equivalent Strength
5. Improved workability
24
Aggregate
25
Aggregate
26
Aggregate-cont.
Aggregate diameter must not exceed 1/3 of slabs that
do not use rebar.
28
Purchasing Introduction
29
Purchasing Concrete - Quantity Needed
• Quantity needed
Concrete is sold by the cubic yard (yd3).
To determine the quantity need calculate the volume
in cubic inches (in3) or cubic feet (ft3) and convert to
cubic yards (yd3 or just yd).
27 ft3 = 1 yd
46656 in3 = 1 yd
Common practice to add 5 to 10% for waste and
volume errors.
30
Purchasing Concrete – Quantity - Example
3 3 1 yd 3 3
yd = 1560 ft x 3
= 57.777... or 58 yd
27 ft
• Adding 10%.
58 yd 3 x 1.1 = 63.8 or 64 yd 3
31
Purchasing - Mix
32
Purchasing – Basic Mix
33
Purchasing – Slump
Slump, in.
Concrete Construction Maximum Minimum
Reinforced foundations walls and footings 3 1
Plain footings, caissons, substructure walls 3 1
Beams and reinforced walls 4 1
Building columns 4 1
Pavements and slabs 3 1
Mass concrete 3 1
34
Slump - Test
35
Slump Test – cont.
• Steps:
1 Moisten cone
2 Place cone on moist, smooth non absorbent level surface
that is larger the the lugs on the cone.
3 While standing on the lugs, fill the cone 1/3 and uniformly
rod 25 times.
4 Fill the cone 2/3 full and rod the 25 times insuring the rod
just penetrates the first layer.
5 Over fill the cone and rod 25 times
6 Strike off the excess with the rod.
7 Slowly lift the cone vertically and place on surface beside
concrete.
8 Place rod across the top of the cone and the concrete and
measure the distance from the bottom of the rod to the
surface of the concrete.
9 This distance is the inches of slump.
36
Mixing Concrete
37
Introduction
38
Quikrete
39
Mixing Concrete
40
Concrete Mixes
1 2 2 - 1/4
1 = 1 ft3 (sack) of Portland cement
2 = 2 ft3 of fine aggregate
2-1/4 = 2.25 ft3 of coarse aggregate
• The proportions can be used on a volume or weight basis
41
Proportions
Fine Coarse
Intended use Cement Aggregate Aggregate
Mild Exposure 1 3 4
Normal Exposure 1 2-1/4 3
Severe Exposure 1 2 2-1/4
42
Mixing--cont.
43
Water vs. strength
44
Effect of Adding Water
45
Estimating Materials - By Volume
3 1 ft
ft = 12 ft x 10 ft x 3 in x
12 in
= 30 ft 3
• Adding the 10% = 30 ft 3 x 1.1 = 33 ft 3
46
Estimating Materials - By Volume - cont.
Step two: determine the yield of one batch of the receipt.
47
Estimating Materials - By Volume - cont.
48
Concrete Mixes--cont.
49
Estimating Materials - By Weight
3 1 ft
ft = 18 ft x 12 ft x 4 in x
12 in
= 74 ft 3
• Adding the 10% =
74 ft 3 x 1.1 = 81.4 ft 3
50
Estimating Materials - By Weight - cont.
1 + 2 + 3.5 = 6.5 ft 3
6.5 ft 3 x 0.66 = 4.29 ft 3
1 batch
Batches = 81.4 ft 3 x 3
= 23.26 batches
4.29 ft
51
Estimating Materials - By Weight - cont.
lb
Portland Cement : 1 x 23.6 = 23.6 sacks x 94 2, 218. 4 lb
sack
lb
Fine aggregate : 2.0 x 23.6 = 47.2 ft 3 x 100 3
= 4, 720 lb
ft
lb
Coarse aggregate : 3.5 x 23.6 = 82.6 ft 3 x 110 3
= 9, 086 lb
ft
52
Workable Mix
53
Preparing Concrete Forms
54
Concrete Forms
55
Concrete Forms Information
56
Concrete Forms--Wall Example
Board Tie
Brace
Stud
Spreader Block
Stake
Wire Tie
Wale
Concrete Footing
Control Joint
Concrete
Straightedge
Form
Wall Stake
58
Concrete Joints
59
Concrete Joints-cont.
• Construction joints:
Construction joints can be
horizontal or vertical and are
Butt formed when placement of the
concrete is interrupted for some
reason.
It may be the end of a day's
work or
May be that some other work
Dowel
needs to be completed before
resuming the placement.
New concrete is placed against
concrete that has solidified or
skimmed over.
Key
60
Reinforcing Concrete
• Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension.
• Reinforcement is used to increase the tension strength.
61
Pouring, Finishing, and Curing Concrete
62
Pouring (Placing)
63
Finishing Concrete
64
(1) Screeding & (2) Floating Concrete
The process used is determined by the use of the concrete and the desired
finished surface.
1. Screeding
– Screeding is striking off the concrete
surface to insure it is level with the forms
– Pushes large aggregate below the
surface
– Starts the smoothing process
– Can be accomplished with a straight
board
2. Floating
– Brings fine aggregate and cement paste
to the surface
– Produces smoother surface
– Uses a wooden or magnesium float
– Floating should not be attempted until the concrete has hardened to
the point that stepping on it makes a very faint imprint.
65
(3) Finishing Concrete
66
(4) Edging & Jointing
Jointing
67
Curing Concrete
68
Curing Concrete
69
Curing Rate
Curing Rate
140
120
100
80
%
28 60
Days
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Days
70
Effect of Curing conditions
150
125
100
%
of
28 75 Air
Days Moist
50
25
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Days
71
Masonry
72
Introduction
73
Masonry Construction • Disadvantages:
– Strength, durability and
• Ancient method of construction. water resistance of finished
product dependent on
• Advantages: strength, durability and water
– Fireproof resistance of masonry units.
– Insect and rodent proof – Labor intensive
– Decay resistant – Different skills required than
– Storm resistant for wood frame or concrete.
– Wear resistant
– Water (proof) resistant
– Strong
– Attractive
– Can be installed without
expensive equipment
– Available locally
– Low original and
maintenance costs
– Recyclable
74
Masonry Units
• Building bricks
• Pavers
• Custom bricks
• Stone
75
Masonry Units-cont.
• Concrete blocks
(Fig 39-15)
• Light weight blocks
76
Additional Topics
77
Questions
78