Presentation Topic

Problem 2.B-2
 Problem Statement:(2.B-2)

Alternate procedure for solving

flow problems
In this chapter we have used the following procedure:
(i)Derive an equation for the momentum flux
(ii)Integrate this equation
(iii)Insert Newton's law to get a 1st order differential equation for the velocity
(iv)Integrate the latter to get the velocity distribution.

Another method is:

(i)Derive an equation for the momentum flux
(ii)Insert Newton's law to get a 2nd order differential equation for thevelocity
profile
(iii) integrate the latter to get the velocity distribution.

Apply this second method to the falling film problem continuing until the
velocity distribution has been obtained and the integration constants evaluated.
 Applications

Wetted-wall towers

Coatings Evaporation

Gas-absorption Cooling towers

Comparision Between These Two Methods

Non vanishing
component of
velocity

B.C.2 For Selection of

evaluating Small element
constants (Shell)

Method
Momentum
Velocity used in balance on
distribution shell
book

Insertion of Momentum
Newton’s law Flux
viscosity distribution
B.C.1 For
Evaluating
constants
 Comparision Between These Two Methods

Non vanishing
component of
velocity

B.C.1 &2 For Selection of

evaluating Small element
constants (Shell)

Alternate
Method
Momentum
Velocity
balance on
distribution
shell
In 1st method here
we intigrate
differential
equation for
momentum flux
distribution
Diffferential
Insertion of equation of
Newton’s law Momentum
viscosity Flux
distribution
 Solution
Consider a laminar and Newtonian fluid that is flowing on
the inclind flat surface and makes a falling film on the
solid surface.

The direction of the fluid is in z-direction so that Non-

Vanishing Component of velocity is vz and this implies that

vx =0

vy =0

vz=vz(x)
Diagram
x
z

Direction
of Gravity
 y
Thickness of
shell=∆x z x
Length of shell=L
Width of shell=W

Flow
Area
 Assumptions

Newtonian fluid

Laminar flow

Incompressible fluid

No Slip Condition at Wall

Steady State Flow

 Momentum Balance on Shell

Rate of z-momentum In by viscous Transport at the surface

at x
a

Surface Area Shear (force/area) at the surface x

Rate of z-momentum Out by flow at surface x + ∆x

Shear (force/area) at the surface

Surface Area x+∆x
 Momentum Balance on Shell

Rate of z-momentum In by flow at the surface z=0

Mass flow=A.v.ρ velocity

Rate of z-momentum Out by flow at surface z=L

Mass flow=A.v.ρ velocity

 Momentum Balance on Shell

Gravity Force acting on the fluid

Mass=Volume *Density
x
β

z
mg
 Momentum Balance
For steady state the equation shell momentum Balance is 0

Rate of Rate of Sum of all

Rate of
momentum momentum the Forces
accumula-
Into the Out of the acting on
tion
shell shell shell

Putting all the values from equtions a,b,c,d,e into equation 1

 Momentum Balance

 As the fluid is incompressible and no slip condition at wall,so

this implies that
ρ=Constant

and

 Therefore above equation becomes

 Momentum Balance

 Divided both sides by LW∆x

 Differential equation for
Momentum Flux Distribution

Taking limit as ∆x 0

According to the definition of Derivative

1st order
differential
equation for
momentum flux
distribution

So above eqution becomes

2
 Insertion of Newton’s Law of
viscosity
From the definition of Newton’s Law of viscosity

By Putting the value of τ xz in eqution 2

2nd order
differential
equation for the
velocity profile
3
 Differential equation for
Velocity Distribution

By taking the intigration of eqution 3

1st order
differential
equation for the
velocity profile
4
 Differential equation for
Velocity Distribution
BoundryCondition:1
(B.C:1)
x
z
 Differential equation for
Velocity Distribution
Therefore eqution 4 becomes
0 0

By putting the value of C1 in eqution 4

0

5
 Velocity Distribution
By taking the intigration of eqution 5

6
 Velocity Distribution
BoundryCondition:2
(B.C:2)
x
z
 Velocity Distribution
Therefore eqution 6 becomes

By putting the value of C2 in eqution 6

Velocity Distribution

Expression
of velocity
distribution
Shape of Velocity Profile

x
z
 Results & Conclusion
It is concluded that by applying Alternate procedure for solving
flow problems the same velocity distribution & profile is
obtained and also constant of intigration at boundry condition as
show in below equtions

Constants of
Intigration

velocity
distribution
 Example 1: Flow on flat plate, contd. - 6
  g 2 cos     x  2 
2

v z     g cos  1    x 
2
v z   2   1     

 2 
     

Is the velocity distribution This is the velocity distribution in the film. It is

of any use to us? Sort of parabolic in shape (only for Newtonian fluids)

Step 9: Useful quantities

Maximum velocity Average velocity

  g 2 cos    x  
2

vz    1    
 2      

volumetric flow rate Shear force acting

on solid surface
 References

R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin

N.Lightfoot, “Transport Phenomena”,Ed.2
John Wiley & Sons.

Class Lactures