CHAPTER III

THE RISE OF CONCERN OVER SCIENCE AND TECH

NOLOGY IN SOCIETY:
HISTORICAL PERSPECTVE
Manhattan Project

• most significant technical undertaking from

the start of World War II to 1945.
• cultimates in the destruction of Hiroshima a
nd Nagasaki in Japan.
• this event raised the issue of the social r
esponsibility of scientists and engineers to n
ew level of awareness and concern.
Robert Oppenheimer

• the director of Manhattan Project

• he acknowledged the radically altered

relationship of science, technology and
society spawned by the atomic age: The
physicist have sin (Oppenheimer 1995)
 1945-1960

• emerging affluence made possible in part by technology and science

& the increasing role of the federal government in funding scientific
& technological work served to hinder public considerations of
these issues.
Some Responses and
Reactions from Society and the
Academic Institution
• Between 1960 and 1970, the number of developments occurred in various industri
al societies that show the growing public awareness and concern with the develop
mental changes of science and technology in society.
• National Environment Policy Act
passed by United States Congress which mandated the preparatin and approval of
environmental impact statements or assessment before proceeding with public or
private projects ‘requiring planning permission or state funding or any kind of state
license, permission or aid”
• Energy crisis which affected several countries (1970s)
• These dvelopments heightened the growing concern of governments on STS issues.
Science and Technology
during the Following Periods

A. Ancient Times
B. Middle Ages
C. Renaissance (17th century)
D. S & T from the 17th century to the early 19th century
E. S & T in the 19h century
F. S & T in the 20th century
A. Ancient Times
Sumerian Civilization
• 3,500 BC
• Mesopotamia
a place in Western wherein the first ancient times c
ivilization started
• Cuneiform
first writing process or system wherein a set of word p
ictures represented in symbols made of triangular ma
rks.
• Livelihood primarily agricultural in nature.
(a) irrigating their fields by constructing dikes and canals.
(b) plant crops and raised some livestock for their own f
amily consumption and for trade.

• Clothing:provided from woven wool from sheepskin.

• transportation: use of donkey
credited the invention of sailboat.
• built roads in their cities and other commercial places
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• 3,500 BC – 500 BC
• located in the border of the famous
Euphrates and Tigris river in Iraq.

• 2 prominent leaders:
(a) Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)
(b) Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC)
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• Hammurabi
promulgated his code of law, vital instrument
for him to rule empire.

• king usually will have to devised some rules

and regulations for his people or subjects to
follow so as to maintain peace, harmony &
prosperity in the kingdom.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• Nebuchadnezzar
possess the attribute and talent of a
structure builder is credited for the
construction of the famous “Hanging
Garden of Babylon”

• they adopted sexagismal system of counti

ng in unit and intervals of 60 which served
as the basis for graduating the circumferen
ce of circle to 360° and the 60 min equal g
raduations to a hour duration in time.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

• 5000-3100 BC
• Egypt
desert areas predominantly cover the country but the p
resence of the Nile river provide Egypt the necessary
water requirements to support agricultural activities.

• agriculturally inclined and craftsmen.

• developed pottery items of various shapes and sizes, &
work on metals to produce tool implements, weapon &
agricultural implements for use in their field.

• shelter: construct their houses using reeds and airdied

mud.

Periods:
• Earliest Egyptian
• Golden Age
• Period of New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC)
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Earliest Egyptian

• writing started and appeared between 3,300 -3,100 BC.

• period when they started to study the heavens, the g
alaxy and heavenly bodies.
• primarily focus is on the stars.
• earliest recorded calendar based on the movements of
heavenly bodies relative to the earth movement.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Golden Age

• period of prosperity nad changes or innovation.

• Pyramids at Gizah were constructed
• The Great Pyramid of Cheofs (2520 BC
• Pyramids were still stand today as an evidence of
the scientific expertise and technical skills of
ancient Egyptians in geometry, measuration, e
ngineering, architecture, and manpower m
anagement.
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Period of New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC)

• -products in the form of pottery, earthenware, linens, perfumed oils, o

intments, jewelry were traded with foreign goods.
• -Bigger boats made of wood for transportation & trading.
• -trading was done by exchanging goods based on agreed appropriate/
approximate equal value.
• -in a later period a system was developed using scales and standard
weight
 GREEK CIVILIZATION

• 1100 BCE

• time of when the significant developments occurred in the fields

of physical science, medicine, mathematics, hydraulics, and a
stronomy.
 GREEK WISE MEN

• Thales (624-547 BC)

reasoned that matter was composed of/
convertible to water.

• Socrates (470-399 BC)

Greek philosopheras become renowned for his
contribution to the field of ethics

• Hippocrates (400BC)
-Greek wise men pioneered in regarding
medicine as a science apart from religion.
He taught that diseases and illness have n
atural causes and the human body is capable o
f healing or providing vital body mechanisms t
o repair itself.
-credited for the oath prescribing physician’s e
thical responsibility.
 GREEK WISE MEN
• Aristotle (384-322)
his part was involved in different areas of
scientific work ranging from gathering
information on the structure and behavior of
plants and animals to their identification,
description, and classification.

• Archimedes (287-212 BC)

-discovery of principles of lever & pulley
- law of Bouyancy

• Pythagoras
-Greek mathematician perfected geometry
as a single logical process/ system.

• Ptolemy (100AD)
-greatest astronomers of the ancient times.
 PERSIAN CIVILIZATION

• Cyrus the Great

- inhabited by the tribes from Central Asia.
-Achieve important development activities that result
ed to becoming a leading nation in the ancient world.

• Darius I the Great (522-486 BC)

-standard weights & measures, coins of gold silver

• Alexander the Great (355-323 BC)

- Greek culture & influence spread
ROMAN CIVILIZATION

• construction of big structures like domes, colosseum, monu

ments, stadiums, and other permanent structures.
• Active in developing infrastructure networks that they cons
truct roads from Rome to other places in Italy and similarly
to Constantinople.

• Constantinople
-landmark of big buildings and trade centers, residential
areas andchurches with decorations of marbles, mosaic
and silver.
-protected from enemy from high & thick walls.
-1435, conquered by Ottoman Turks & declared as their cap
ital, Istanbul.
ARABIC CIVILIZATION

• Muhammad (570-632 AD)

founder of Islam

• trade & commerce

• Greeks, Indians & Persians influences s
ignificantly contributed to Arab knowledg
e in mathematic & knowledge
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

• domestically caring for animals for

food and for clothing.

• they work on metals to on fabricate,

hand tools, anf farm implements.

• the idea and method of producting

silk started this period.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

• Shang Dynasty- 1st dynasty

-development of bronze containers or vessels,
production of silk for slothing and the develop
ment and establishment of system of writing.

• Chou Dynasty (1122-1027BC) – (255-256 BC)

-Political & cultural behavior and traits were e
stablished during this period.
-farming was improved – Ox-dran plows and ot
her forms of farm implements were developed
& introduced to farmers.
-the birth of new technology in agricultural
farming improved farm outputs and some
relief on people particularly engaged in rice
and other crop production.
800BC- studying and recording eclipses of the s
un.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

• Ch’in Dynasty (221-206 BC)

-the name “China” was derived from
Ch’in.
Shih Huang Ti
-1st emperor of this dynasty, instituted
a harsh and strict way of governance.
He standardized the system of writings,
weights & measures, and the sizes of
the wagon wheels and roads.
-Grat Wall of China
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• Han Dynasty
-discovery of healing drugs and herbs
taken from plants and animal parts.
-credited for developing/inventing the
“earthquake weather clock” (now called
seismograph).
-technology of papermaking and
invention of printing press.

• T’ang Dynasty (618-907 AD)

-advances in medicine, invention of
gunpowder, use of coal as a fuel.

• Sung Dynasty
-paper currency and printing of
Confucian classic spread.
-Bigger boats and ships for traveling the
high seas.
INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION

• -construction of layouts of its cities featuring

water wells, bathrooms, and waste pipes in
their houses.
• -tools implements are made of stones,
bronze and wood.
• The level of culture, the significant achievem
ents in S& T, arts, medicine & matemathics
made India as the home of advance knowled
ge & practice of medicine.
• -implication of zero & infinity, square root &
cube root, negative & positive.
B. MiddLe Ages
 Middle Ages

• period between Ancient times & Modern times

• Catholic Church having some sort of wealth and power played an im
portant role during this period.
• catholic monasteries became the centers of learning and source of re
lief for the sick and the needy.
• monks got idea of copying ang preserving the manuscripts and other
documents of the ancient classical learning of posterity.
• Scholars put more emphasis in studying the theology rather than
science.
 Middle Ages

• in contrast, the Arabs in the Middle East tried to preserve the

scientific knowledge they acquired from the Greco-Roman influence.
• Arabs were able to demonstrated the important scientific
achievements in the field of astronomy, medicine and mathematics.

1000AD
• achievements of Arab scientists were translated into Latin.
• Hindu-Arabic number system in Europe introduced.
• Science and Mathematics were givne particular attention as a
component in their educational development process.
C. Renaissance Period
17th century
 Renaissance Period
• 17th century
• period of rebirth.
• technology of printing books and other documents.
• translation of scientific knowledge from Greek to
Latin.

Great men of art & science:

• Leonardo da vinci
-interested in studying astronomy, anaomy, geology
and mechanics.
-invented motorcar, machinegun & submarine.

• Andreas Versalius
-surgeon & anatomist laid out in detail the first s
cientifically accurate description of human anatomy “
On the fabric of the Human Body”.
-recognized as the father of modern medicine.
D. S & T from the 17th century to the early 19th century
Industrial Revolution
 Industrial Revolution

• labor and other activities are done by human hands, either directly o
r with the aid of tools/implements held by hands/with animals g
uided by man.

• -in the process, the power provided by man for the man for the p
roduction of good services was reinforced by simple devices or m
achines like the lever, pulley and provisioned weights that were su
bsequently supplemented by water, air and heat energy to p
erform work.

• steam engine which was invented in the late 1600s was significally
improved by James Watt (1765) a Scottish engineer by inventing the
condensing steam engine.
 Industrial Revolution

• Joseph Black
the discoverer of latent heat in thermodynamics

• 1825
-British engineers constructed the first passenger railway transport.
-within the decade, travelers n Europe & North America used railways.

• Francis Baron
-through the useful utilization and application of knowledge, the material pursuit and welfare
of society can be advanced and improved.

• Benjamin Franklin
contribution to science was his experiment on electricity.
he invented the lightning rod, device that prevents houses from burning when struck by a light
ning.

• Alessandro Volta
experiments on metals ended up to his invention of the electric battery in 1800.
The unit of electromagnetic force which drives current called “volts” was derived from his na
me.
 Industrial Revolution
• Michael Faraday
-conducted experimental work on electromagnetism paving the way for his invention of elec
tromagnetic conduction.

• Oersted
-revealed that electric current that flowed on wire and deflected the needle of a magnetic c
ompass.

• Andre Ampere
-explained the magnetic effects in terms of electric currents flowing in small loops and he de
duced the if the flow of electricity produced magnetism, the magnetism should be able to ge
nerate electric current.

• Joseph Henry
-middle of 19th century, he used power electromagnets for lifting heavy loads.

• Samuel Morse
-developed the first practical telegraph
-1835, he developed Morse Code, system of signals composed of dots and dashes combined
to represent letters of the alphabets used in wire telegraph.
 Industrial Revolution

• Thomas Alva Edison

- invented the electric bulb

• Alexander Graham Bell

-invented the first telephone. He had the pleasure of carrying out the world’s first s
uccessful telephone conversation in 1876.

• Heinrich Hertz
-physicist who was able to produce and visualize electromagnetic waves.

• Guglielmo Marconi
-Italian physicist who developed the wireless telegraph apparatus which was paten
ted in 1990. In his contribution, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1909.
• during this period, society was significantly and beneficially influenced by scientific
and technological developments. There’s a big change and more advancement seen
in this period in the process of industrialization. Evident of these changes are in the
areas of communication, transportation, and electricity
E. S& T in the 19h century
 E. S& T in the 19th century

• marked a crucial point in the relationship of S &T

• “Science-based industries”
• the products produced in these industries were coal tar dye manufacture an
d electrical power generation and machinery.
• this period emerged the “Industrial Research Laboratory”
• chemistry science had already borne fruit in the area of dyestuffs industry.
• The basic scientific discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831 by
Michael Faraday “The epitome of the pure scientist” preceded by about 50
yrs its technical exploitation on a large scale: the construction of the first p
ublic power stations.
• Current-generating dynamo, primitive version of which he developed soon
after discovering electromagnetic induction (1880)
F. S& T in the 20th century
 F. S& T in the 20th century

• the growth of “Industrial Research Laboratory”

• birth of German coal-tar industry, industry research laboratory.
• -139 research laboratories were established in American industry.
• Alexander Graham Bell’s Laboratory (Boston)
• Bell Telephone Laboratories
• American Telephone & Telegraph -parent company of BTL
 Technology Not Completely Dependent on Science

• The 20th century technological activity is much more dependent upon scient
ific knowledge than ever before.
• Fundamental research in genetics, physics, &chemistry has been crucial to t
he progress of the genetic engineering ,nuclear power, & drug industries.
• Question be produced in timely fashion, using “seat of pants”, “trial and
error” and other systematic but non-theoretical bases.
 The Growing Independence of S & T

• During past 130 years, S & T relationship has been one of the progressive
symbiosis.
• 20th century science’s main contribution to technology has been the produc
tion of well grounded knowledge on which technological activity can
confidently build, that contribution seems likely to take an added
dimension in the future.
• The relationship between science & technology has changed radically over t
he centuries.
Presented by: GARCIA, John Richard
BSN 3-C
Presented to: Ms. Apolonia Reynoso