Fluid Flow: Overview of Fluid Flow Analysis

Fluid Flow:
Overview of Fluid Flow Analysis
Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating
© 2011 Autodesk
that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. www.autodesk.com/edcommunity
Education Community
Section 5 – Fluid Flow
Objectives Module 1: Overview

Page 2
 Become familiar with the underlying theory of fluid flow.

 Understand fluid viscosity.
 Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow.
 Examine the Navier-Stokes equation.
 Understand how numerical methods apply.
 Identify key design and simulation principles.
 Learn from an example of Couette Flow and apply a what-if analysis.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Introduction to Fluid Flow Module 1: Overview

Page 3
 “Fluid” is a generic term used to describe both liquids and gases.

 Fundamental laws such as conservation of mass, momentum and
energy provide the equations that underlie these analyses.
 In addition an Equation of State may also be used for finding
unknown variables such as density and temperature.
 Complex equations mostly require numerical solutions.
Exact
Solutions
Numerical Diagram (not to scale or
Methods/ proportion) approximating the
CFD relative applicability of CFD
Experimental Techniques
/Regression Modelling
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Module 1: Overview
(CFD) Page 4
The diversity of CFD has led to its extensive use in many applications:
 Process and process equipment

 Power generation, petroleum and environmental projects
 Aerospace and turbomachinery
 Automotive
 Electronics / appliances /consumer products
 HVAC / heat exchangers
Numerical
 Materials processing Methods/ Other
Methods
CFD
 Architectural design and fire research
Today, CFD represents a major portion of fluid flow

solutions (dimensions/proportions approximate).
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Underlying Theory Module 1: Overview

Page 5
Energy equation
Conservative form of
Navier-Stokes equation
Continuity equation
Fluid Pressure and Velocity

are the two main variables of interest in fluid flow analysis.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Understanding Viscosity Module 1: Overview

Page 6
 Viscosity is the measure of resistance to fluid flow.

 Inviscid fluid is an ideal case in which viscous forces are absent.
 Rarefied flow in the outer atmosphere can be approximated as a real
life example of inviscid flow.
 Equations such as the Euler and Bernoulli equations ignore effects of
viscosity and thus are restricted to approximate analyses.
 To analyze and predict flow behavior accurately, effects of viscosity
cannot be ignored.
 Viscous Fluids can be classified into:
• Newtonian • Dilatant
• Bingham • Plastic
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Understanding Viscosity Module 1: Overview

Page 7
 (N/m2)
Newtonian
(high Viscosity) Bingham-plastic
e.g. Honey e.g. Toothpaste
Pseudo-plastic
e.g. Styling Gel
Newtonian
(Low Viscosity)
e.g. Water
Dilatant
e.g. Putty
Strain rate (1/s)
 Fluid viscosity varies in behavior from simple Newtonian fluids to more

complex Pseudo-plastic fluids.
 Common engineering fluids are Newtonian (e.g. water, steam, air, oils).
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Incompressible Flow Module 1: Overview

Page 8
 Incompressible flow is comparatively easy to solve.

 As density is constant, fluid flow can be solved by continuity and
momentum equations alone.
 For all practical cases, air flow with Mach number below 0.3 can be
treated as incompressible.
 Similarly liquids, unless at extremely high pressure, can be treated as
incompressible.
 Although no liquid is truly incompressible, it is a very accurate
approximation.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Compressible Flow Module 1: Overview

Page 9
 For compressible flow, as density is variable, the energy equation

needs to be introduced, which relates density to temperature.
 To solve for both these additional variables (density and
temperature), a separate equation is also required.
 The Boussinesq approximation or Equation of State can be used to
relate density and temperature  , T 
   1   (T  T )
Where:
α is the coefficient of volume expansion.
ρo is the known value of density at temperature To
 The study of sound waves in air and choked flow

in a converging diverging nozzle are common
examples of compressible flow.
The shock wave created by a supersonic jet aircraft is an example of compressible flow.
Image courtesy of US Air Force and Wikipedia.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Types of Flow and Navier-Stokes Equation Module 1: Overview

Page 10
Turbulent flow vs Laminar flow

 Compressible vs. Incompressible
 Laminar vs. Turbulent
 Steady vs. Unsteady
 Navier-Stokes equations are the most generic equations able to apply
to the different kinds of flow as mentioned above (in 3D or 2D).
 e.g. blood flow, flow over aerofoil/hydrofoil, smoke/exhaust plume analysis
 Navier-Stokes equations are fundamentally complex, but can take
different forms and be simplified depending upon the nature of flow.
 Some exact solutions to the Navier-Stokes
equations exist for examples such as Turbulent flow
Poiseuillie flow, Couette flow and Stokes

Aerofoil flow
boundary layer.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
The Navier-Stokes Equation Module 1: Overview

Page 11
A short representation of the Navier-Stokes equation is its

vector form:
This form can be converted into an algebraic equation by replacing derivative terms
For incompressible flow:   density

u  velocity ( x  direction)
.u  0   divergence (vector  operator )
For the application of numerical methods, the above equation is discretized across a
domain that is broken up into small regions (discussed in detail in later section).
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
How Numerical Methods Apply: Part I Module 1: Overview

Page 12
 Expanding the Navier-Stokes equation:

u u u u p̂   2u  2u  2u 
ρ  ρu  ρv  ρw    μ   
t x y z x  x 2 y 2 z 2 
v v v v p̂  2v 2v 2v 

ρ  ρu  ρv  ρw    μ 2  2  2 
t x y z y  x y z 
w w w w p̂  2w 2w 2w 

ρ  ρu  ρv  ρw    μ 2  2  2 
t x y z z  x y z 
Local acceleration Convective terms Piezometric Viscous term

pressure
gradient
The Cartesian form of the Navier-Stokes equation is given above. The spatial
derivates are replaced with approximate algebraic equivalents.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
How Numerical Methods Apply: Part II Module 1: Overview

Page 13
 The Navier -Stokes equation can be discretized into algebraic

equations:  u 
  
u u i 1 i 1
 x i 2  x
 u  ui  ui 1
  
 x i x
 u  u u
   i 1 i
 x i x
 Algebraic equations can be solved by several available indirect (or

iterative) numerical methods such as Gauss-Siedel or Jacobi iteration.
 The Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm (TDMA, or Thomas Algorithm) is a
direct method and an alternate to Gaussian Elimination to solve the
algebraic equations.
 TDMA is easily programmable and a student can create code using
TDMA as the algorithm of choice for solving equations.
 Further details for discretization are provided in the next module.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Key Design and Simulation Principles Module 1: Overview

Page 14
 Convergence is analogous to a spiral,

where the locus of the solution moves
toward the center of the spiral and Exact
hence successive computations arrive Solution
closer to the exact answer.
 The user has to stop the numerical

solution based upon a pre-determined
level of accuracy. Otherwise the
solution would continue iterating ever
closer toward the exact result without
reaching it.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Performing Analysis Module 1: Overview

Page 15
 Convergence criteria:
 Initial value
 A good initial value for variables (speed and pressure) will result in fewer iterations.
 Multiplier / under-relaxation factor
 Controls the speed of progress toward a solution.
Residual
 Iterations
 The number of times the equations are processed.
 Residual values
 Indicator of differences of variables between two
successive iterations. Iterations
A fair idea of the above mentioned terms can be grasped by solving simultaneous
algebraic equations through any iterative scheme (e.g., Gauss–Siedel, TDMA).
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Example: Couette Flow (Steady State) Module 1: Overview

Page 16
 Couette Flow Y
 Assumptions u0
 Model / geometric simplifications Moving Plate
 Fluid properties (Constant vs variable parameters)
 Boundary Conditions
 Moving / stationary wall
 Constant / variable pressure outlet / inlet Stationary Plate X
u2
0 Newtonian viscosity Exact solution to Couette
y 2
Flow is given by:
u y
0 Flow is steady u ( y )  u0
t h
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
What-If Analysis Module 1: Overview

Page 17
 The following parameters can be changed and flow behavior can be

investigated:
 Upper plate velocity
 Viscosity
 Thickness between the plates
 A video presentation for the steady flow module is available for

setting up Couette Flow in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics
software.
 By setting up the template for Couette flow as shown in the video,
multiple what-if scenarios can be investigated.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Summary Module 1: Overview

Page 18
 This module covered the basics of fluid flow.
 Fluid flow can be classified into compressible vs. incompressible,

steady vs. unsteady and laminar vs. turbulent.
 This identification has to be made by the user before any analysis.
 Fluid viscosity is a major factor among the flow parameters.
 The Navier-Stokes equation is a general equation that can apply to

various kinds of fluid flow.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community
Summary Module 1: Overview

Page 19
 However, the Navier-Stokes equation consists of complex partial

differential equations, and thus numerical methods are applied for
practical solutions.
 When numerical methods are applied, it is important to ensure that

the solution converges.
 If the solution does converge, the user must self-determine where to

stop the calculation based on what accuracy is required.
 Each successive computation brings the result closer to the actual

value, but never to an exact answer.
© 2011 Autodesk
Education Community

Fluid Flow: Overview of Fluid Flow Analysis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Flow: Overview of Fluid Flow Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Flow:

Overview of Fluid Flow Analysis

Objectives Module 1: Overview

 Become familiar with the underlying theory of fluid flow.

Introduction to Fluid Flow Module 1: Overview

 “Fluid” is a generic term used to describe both liquids and gases.

 Process and process equipment

Today, CFD represents a major portion of fluid flow

Underlying Theory Module 1: Overview

Fluid Pressure and Velocity

Understanding Viscosity Module 1: Overview

 Viscosity is the measure of resistance to fluid flow.

Understanding Viscosity Module 1: Overview

Strain rate (1/s)

 Fluid viscosity varies in behavior from simple Newtonian fluids to more

Incompressible Flow Module 1: Overview

 Incompressible flow is comparatively easy to solve.

Compressible Flow Module 1: Overview

 For compressible flow, as density is variable, the energy equation

 The study of sound waves in air and choked flow

Types of Flow and Navier-Stokes Equation Module 1: Overview

Turbulent flow vs Laminar flow

Poiseuillie flow, Couette flow and Stokes

The Navier-Stokes Equation Module 1: Overview

A short representation of the Navier-Stokes equation is its

For incompressible flow:   density

How Numerical Methods Apply: Part I Module 1: Overview

 Expanding the Navier-Stokes equation:

v v v v p̂  2v 2v 2v 

w w w w p̂  2w 2w 2w 

Local acceleration Convective terms Piezometric Viscous term

How Numerical Methods Apply: Part II Module 1: Overview

 The Navier -Stokes equation can be discretized into algebraic

 Algebraic equations can be solved by several available indirect (or

Key Design and Simulation Principles Module 1: Overview

 Convergence is analogous to a spiral,

 The user has to stop the numerical

Performing Analysis Module 1: Overview

Example: Couette Flow (Steady State) Module 1: Overview

What-If Analysis Module 1: Overview

 The following parameters can be changed and flow behavior can be

 A video presentation for the steady flow module is available for

Summary Module 1: Overview

 This module covered the basics of fluid flow.

 Fluid flow can be classified into compressible vs. incompressible,

 This identification has to be made by the user before any analysis.

 Fluid viscosity is a major factor among the flow parameters.

 The Navier-Stokes equation is a general equation that can apply to

Summary Module 1: Overview

 However, the Navier-Stokes equation consists of complex partial

 When numerical methods are applied, it is important to ensure that

 If the solution does converge, the user must self-determine where to

 Each successive computation brings the result closer to the actual

You might also like