HOR 101: production technology of fruit crop(2+1)

Plant growth regulators

• Plant growth regulators may be defined as any
organic compounds, which are active at low
concentrations (1-10 ng / nl) in promoting, inhibiting
or modifying growth and development.
• The naturally occurring (endogenous) growth
substances are commonly known as plant hormones,
while the synthetic ones are called growth regulator.
Classification of PGR
On the Basis of Origin
• Natural hormone:
Produced by some tissues in the plant. Also called
Endogenous hormones. e.g.IAA.
• Synthetic hormone:
Produced artificially and similar to natural hormone in
physiological activity. Also called Exogenous
hormones. e.g. 2,4-D, NAA etc.
• Postulated hormone:
Also produced spontaneously in the plant body, but
their structure and function is not discovered clearly.
e.g. Florigen, Vernalin.
On the Basis of Nature of Function

• Growth promoting hormones/Growth

promoter:
Increase the growth of plant.
• e.g. Auxins. Gibberellins, Cytokinins etc.

• Growth inhibiting hormones/Growth

retardant:
Inhibit the growth of plant.
• e.g. ABA, Ethylene.
 Classes of pgr
auxins

‘Auxins’ may be defined

as growth promoting
substances which
promote growth
along the vertical
axis when applied in
low concentration to
the shoot of the plant.
DISCOVERY OF AUXINS
GIBBERELLINS
• Chemical was extracted &
purified and named as
Gibberellic Acid (GA).
• Now 80 different
Gibberellins are available-
GA1 to GA80 is available.
• The most commonly
occurring gibberellins is
GA3.

Gibben ring (consists of 4 rings)

CYTOKININS
• Auxin and Gibberellins
increase growth mainly by
increasing cell elongation.
• Growth involves another
important process namely
Cell division.
• Developing embryo shows
active cell division.
Growth Retardant
1 ETHYLENE (CH2=CH2)
• Growth retardant.
• Ethylene promotes ripening

2 ABSCISSIC ACID (ABA)

• Growth retardant.
• Induce stomata closing.
• Inhibition of bud growth and shoot formation.
 Plant growth regulators in apple
growing
• NURSERY PRODUCTION:
Products on the basis of
cytokines (benzyladenine)
and products on the basis of
cytokines + gibberellins are
used for branching

Benzyladenine – breaking
apical Dominance
Gibberellins – cells
elongation(growth)
Stimulating branching in
orchards

CONTROL CYTOKINS APPLIED

 Chemical fruit thinning

NAD
Naphthalene acetamide

NAA
α-Naphthalene acetic
acid
BA-benzladenine
Application Of Plant Growth Regulators In Peach
Trees

1.Control the growth of peach trees

Paclobutrazol can effectively inhibit
the growth of new shoots of peach
trees, shortening their internodes,
shortening the color of leaves,
dark green leaves, increasing the
content of chlorophyll, and
increasing the dry matter of
leaves.
2. Thinning fruit and preserved
fruit

Ethephon:The application of
ethephon 200 mg/kg was sprayed
8 days after flowering. In the
yellow peach test, the spraying
of ethephon at 300 mg/kg in the
full flowering stage had a good
sparing effect.
Naphthyl acetate 40-60 mg / kg
solution sprayed 20-45 days after
flowering have a sparse effect.
3. Adjust plant shape
The first is a foliar spray. When the
new one after topping is 15-25 cm
long, spray 200-300 times 15%
paclobutrazol wet table powder
solution, spray once every 10-15
days, spray 2-3 times
continuously.
The second is land use. In the autumn
or early spring, a 15 cm deep ring
groove is dug in the root
distribution area under the canopy
projection, diluted with water,
poured into the ditch, and then
covered with soil.
The third method is the trunk
smearing method
 PGR uses on pears
• As new pear cultivars get more widely planted and markets for them
develop, growers will want advice and help on how to best manage them
and PGRs could be part of their ‘toolbox’.
• From a grower perspective it must be remembered that the on-label use of
agricultural chemicals is mandatory in most states across Australia.
However, providing that:
– The maximum label rate is not exceeded.
– The label frequency of application is not exceeded.
– The maximum residue limit is not exceeded.
– Any specific label statements prohibiting the use are complied with.
 Results of PGR experiments in
pears
PGRs to promote shoots on young
trees
• The effectiveness of PGRs
appears to be related to the
stage of leaf emergence
from the buds with slight
leaf emergence along the
entire trunk or leader
providing the optimum time
for PGRs in combination
with notching to stimulate
spur and lateral shoot
growth.
 PGRs and spur development
• On the first two spray dates,
there were more terminal
flower clusters on the shoots
due to notching and PGR or
both.
• There were less spur flower
clusters on the PGR and
PGR plus notch treatments
on date 1 and 2 than the
control, which was likely
due to fewer spurs and more
shoots.
 Use of Growth Regulators in
Fruit Production
 Propagation
 Use in Tissue culture
 Breaking of seed and bud dormancy
 Control of Vigor
 Flowering
 Inhibition or delay of flowering
 Fruit growth and maturity
 Prevention of Fruit drop
 Improvement of fruit quality
 Fruit Ripening