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& Function
HEENA FARHEEN
15451T0006
PHARM-D III YEAR
Source: http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing
life functions. Cells are structural and functional units enclosed by
a membrane.
PARTS OF A CELL:
Cell is divided into three main parts:
1) Plasma membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus
Animal cell
3
The Plasma membrane
filaments :
microfilaments ,
Endoplasmic
intermediate filaments reticulum
and microtubules.
• It maintains shape and Microtubule
general organisation of Microfilament
cellular contents
responsible for cellular Ribosomes Mitochondrion
movements.
CENTROSOME
• A pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar material.
• The pericentriolar material contains tubulins which are used
for growth of mitotic spindle and microtubule formation.
8
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• The ER is continuous with the
outer membrane of the nuclear
envelope
• Membranous network of
flattened sacks or tubules.
• Rough ER covered by ribosomes
and attached to the nuclear
envelope synthesizes
glycoproteins and phospholipids .
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and
synthesizes fatty acids and
steroids , detoxify drugs , release
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
calcium ions in muscle cells.
GOLGI COMPLEX
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LYSOSOMES
• Membrane bound vesicles
formed from Golgi complex
contains digestive enzymes to
break down macromolecules
• Destroy cells or foreign matter
that the cell has engulfed by
phagocytosis.
• It digest worn out organelles
(autophagy), entire cell
(autolysis) and extra cellular
materials.
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PROTEASOME
• Tiny barrel shaped structure that contains proteases.
• It degrades unneeded , damaged or faulty proteins by cutting
them into small peptides.
PEROXISOME:
• Vesicle containing oxidases (oxidative
enzymes) and catalase (decomposes H2O2 ) .
• Oxidises amino acids and fatty acids ;
detoxifies harmful substances.
MITOCHONDRIA
• Surrounded by 2 membranes : Smooth outer membrane and
folded inner membrane with layers called cristae
• Matrix is within the inner membrane
• Intermembrane space is located between the two membranes
contain their own DNA
• Function – synthesis of ATP by 3 major pathways
1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
2. Krebs Cycle – matrix
3. Electron transport system (ETS)
• Intermembrane space produces energy through chemical reactions
by breaking down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
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Mitochondria
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NUCLEUS
-Stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple,
linear chromosomes
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2
phospholipid bilayers
-In chromosomes – DNA is organized with proteins to form
chromatin
-Directs cell activities. Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
15
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NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two phospholipid
bilayers with protein lined
pores allowing material to
enter and leave nucleus.
• Each pore is a ring of 8
proteins with an opening in
the center of the ring
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
CHROMOSOMES
• Chromosome – fiber of
DNA with proteins attached
• Chromatin – all of the cell’s
DNA and the associated
proteins
• Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics
• DNA is arranged in
chromosomes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
NUCLEOLUS
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nuclear pore bilayer facing cytoplasm Nuclear envelope
bilayer facing
nucleoplasm