Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Công Châu
22.1 RECIPIENT AND BENEFICIARY IN PROCESSES OF TRANSFER
I. RECIPIENT
- The recipient is a central participant who usually receives
the “goods”, permission or information.
- With owe there is a moral recipient who has not yet
received anything.
(give, send, lend, charge, pay, offer and owe)
E.g: Ed gave the cat a bit of tuna
R
Bill’s father has lent us his car
R
Have you paid the taxi-driver the right amount?
R
Công Châu
II. BENEFICIARY
- The beneficiary is the optional, non-central participant for
whom some service is done.
Công Châu
2. She gave me a present for my daughter
B
Intended Recipient
Công Châu
22.2 TRANSITIVITY STRUCTURES IN MATERIAL PROCESSES
Công Châu
EXERCISE 1 (p. 199)
Công Châu
UNIT 23: CONCEPTUALISING WHAT WE THINK,
PERCEIVE AND FEEL
23.1. MENTAL PROCESSES
Definition: Mental processes are those through which we
organize our mental contact with the world.
4 main types:
Processes of perception such as understand, believe, doubt …
Processes of cognition such as see, notice, hear, feel …
Processes of affectivity such as like, love, admire, miss …
Processes of desideration such as hope, want, wish …
Kiều Oanh
Experiencer (or Senser): is the participant who sees, feels, thinks, likes…
and is typically human, but may also be an animal or even a personified
inanimate object.
Mental processes are typically stative and non-volitional.
The second participant in a mental process, that which is perceived, know,
like… is called the Phenomenon.
Phenomenon has been a single entity, expressed as a nominal group as the
Object of the verb. It can also be a fact, process or a whole situation,
realised by a clause.
For example:
Bill liked the present
Experiencer Process Phenomenon
We knew that it would be difficult
Experiencer Process Phenomenon Kiều Oanh
Phenomenon fills the subject slot and Experiencer as Object.
Kiều Oanh
23.2. COGNITIVE PROCESSES: KNOWING, THINKING
AND BELIEVING
Cognitive processes are encoded by such stative verbs as
believe, doubt, guess, know, recognize, think, forget, mean,
remember, understand.
Phenomenon can be human, inanimate and abstract
entities encoded as nominal groups.
Kiều Oanh
Phenomenon can be facts, beliefs, doubts, perceptions
and expectations are encoded as finite that-clauses, finite
wh-clauses, or non-finite clauses.
For example:
3. Susan felt that the first idea was the best
Susan felt that the first idea was the
best.(fact)
Experiencer Process Phenomenon
Kiều Oanh
• 4. She has forgotten to leave us a key.
She has forgotten to leave us a key. (situation)
Experiencer Process Phenomenon
Kiều Oanh
23.3 PERCEPTION PROCESSES: SEEING, HEARING
AND FEELING (P.174)
- Perception is an involuntary state, which does not depend
upon the agency of the perceiver, who in fact receives the
visual and auditory sensations non-volitionally.
Thanh Hương
I am smelling gas.
This sentence is ungrammatical.
I can smell gas.
- Can is used when expressing non-volitionally perception at
the moment of speaking.
- This use replaces the present progressive.
Thanh Hương
- The verb see is used in conceptual metaphor for the cognitive
process of understanding.
You do see my point, don’t you?
No, I don’t see what you mean.
Thanh Hương
- In process of seeing, hearing and feeling, English allows the
Phenomenon to represent a situation that is either completed
or not completed.
+ I saw her cross the road.
completed
+ I saw her crossing the road.
not completed
Thanh Hương
23.4 AFFECTIVE AND DESIDERATIVE PROCESSES:
LIKING AND WANTING (P.174)
23.4.1 Affective processes: loving and hating
- Under affective process, we include those positive and negative
reactions expressed by such verbs as like, love, delight, please,
dislike, hate and detest.
Thanh Hương
- The Phenomenon in affectivity processes can be expressed by:
+ a nominal group representing an entity
I like science subjects.
Phenomenon an entity
+ a clause representing a situation
They like to walk in the woods.
Phenomenon a situation
Thanh Hương
23.4.2 Desiderative processes: wanting and wishing
- Desiderative processes are expressed by such verbs as want,
desire and wish.
- The Phenomenon role of want and desire can be expressed by:
+ a nominal group representing a thing
I want a new computer.
Phenomenon a thing
+ a to-infinitive clause representing a situation
If you want to stay overnight, just say so.
Phenomenon a situation
Thanh Hương
- Wishing can also express in the Phenomenon role a longing
for an event or state.
+ Present-time reference
I wish Ted were here with us.
+ Past-time reference
I wish Ted had been here with us.
+ Future-time reference
I wish Ted would come soon.
Thanh Hương
EXERCISE 1 (P.199)
Identify each of the processes in the main clauses of the following
sentences as on of perception, cognition or affectivity. Say whether
the phenomenon is an entity, a factor or a situation.
Thanh Hương
Exercise 2 (page 200): Write an alternative construction for
each of the following clauses so that Experiencer is made
to coincide with Subject, as in (b) below:
• (1) Neither of the proposals pleased the members of the
commission.
The member of commission were not pleased by either
of the proposals.
• (2) His presence of mind amazed us.
We were amazed by his presence of mind.
Kiều Oanh
• (3) The dramatic increase of crime in the cities is alarming the
government.
The government is alarmed by the dramatic increase of crime
in the cities.
• (4) The fact that she seems unable to lose weight worries her.
She is worried by the fact that she seems unable to lose
weight.
• (5) Will the fact that you forgot to phone annoy your wife?
Will your wife be annoyed by the fact that you forgot to
phone?
Kiều Oanh
UNIT 24: RELATIONAL PROCESSES OF
BEING AND BECOMING
24.1 TYPES OF BEING (P.176)
• Relational processes
+ express the concept of being in a broad sense. They
answer the questions ‘Who or what, where/when or whose is
some entity, or What is some entity like?
+ cover various ways of being: being something, being in
some place/at some time, or in a relation of possession.
Hồng Hạnh
Ex:
Hồng Hạnh
24.2 THE ATTRIBUTIVE PATTERN (p.177)
• Ascribed to the Carrier is an Attribute, which characterises the entity
in some way.
Carrier Process Attribute
Their eldest son was a musician
Hồng Hạnh
• The process can be expressed either as a state or as a transition.
+ Stative verbs: be, keep, remain, seem and verbs of sensing:
look(= ‘seem’), the Attribute is seen as existing at the same time as
the process described by the verb, called the current Attribute.
+ Dynamic verbs of transition: become, get, turn, grow, run, the
Attribute exists as the result of the process, called the resulting
Attribute.
Current Attribute Resulting Attribute
He remained captain for years He became captain
Your sister looks tired She gets tired easily
Hồng Hạnh
As states, the most common verbs of perception such as
look, feel, sound, smell and taste keep their experiential meaning
in relational clauses. An Experiencer participant (e.g. to me) can be
optionally added to this semantic structure:
Hồng Hạnh
• The verb feel can function:
+ with an Experiencer/Carrier I feel hot
+ with a neutral Carrier The surface feels rather rough
Hồng Hạnh
24.3 CIRCUMSTANTIAL RELATIONAL PROCESSES
- These are processes of being in which the circumstantial
element is essential to the situation.
*Location in space:
The museum is round the corner.
*Location in time:
Our next meeting will be on June 10.
*Means:
Entrance to the exhibition is by invitation.
Types of possession:
• Sub-types:
- Perhaps part-whole (in your left foot)
- Ownership (in our house)
- Kinship relations (Jane’s sister)
Hồng Hạnh
(7) Food is the supreme national symbol.
Identified Identifier
-> identifying
(8) What we call civilisation or culture represents only a fraction of
human history. [HRM]
Identified Identifier
-> identifying
Exercise 2 (unit 24/p.200)
Add a suitable Attribute or circumstance to each of the
following clauses and say whether it is current or resulting
1. After wandering around in circles for more than an hour , we
ended up…….
2. Keep your money….. in this special travelling wallet.
3. Growing coffee proved to be more……than they had expected.
4. Stand ……while I bandage your hand.
5. Feel ………to do as you like.