Name: Pritesh Parikh

Class: 5th , B
Dept: I.C
Flow Through A Pipe

Idealized Real World

V V

Pipe Velocity Profile

Flow Profile Correlation

Steam
V Water
Heavy Crude

 Velocity profile is a predictable function of Reynolds

number. Fluids with the same Reynolds number will have
similar velocity profiles.
Characterization of Fluid Flow

 Types of Flow
RE < 2100 Laminar

Transitional

 RE >3000 Turbulent
Volumetric Flowrate (Q)

V
A
Q

Volume = Area x Length

Volume Flow = Area x Velocity
Mass Flowrate (m)

Q=VA

Mass Flow m = Qp
= AV
V
A
Where m = Mass Flow
m Q = Volume Flow
 = Fluid Density

Mass = Volume x Density

Flowmeter Performance

 Accuracy
 Repeatability
 Linearity
 Rangeability
 Doppler process
Transit time difference process
 PRINCIPLE
Doppler f low meters operate similarly to the radar speed traps
used on the road.
An emitter sends ultrasonic waves at frequency f1 (approx. 1 - 5
MHz) at angle a into the
f lowing product. The ultrasonic waves strike particles moving
through the sound field at
velocity Vp. The wavelength of the emitted wave at frequency
f1 amounts
In turn, the receiver now ‘sees’ to:
the ref lected frequency out of line because the ref lecting
λ1= C/f1
Due to its rate of motion Vp, the particle moving away from
the emitter ‘sees’ the
wavelength: λp= (C-Vp COS α ) / f1
particle is moving further away all the time, and the
The f luid velocity can be expressed as
v = c ( f2 - f 1 ) / 2 f1 cosΦ (1)
where
f2 = received frequency
f1 = transmission frequency
v = f luid f low velocity
Φ = the relative angle between the transmitted ultrasonic beam and the f luid f
low
c = the velocity of sound in the f luid
Doppler meters may be used where other meters
don't work. This might be liquid slurries, aerated
liquids or liquids with some small or large amount of
suspended solids. The advantages can be summarized
to :
Obstruct less f low
Can be installed outside the pipes(clamp on version)
Low f low cut off
Corrosion resistant
Relative low power consumption
•Needs a sufficient number of ref lecting particles in the medium
on a continuous basis.

•The particles must be large enough to provide sufficiently good ref lections
(> ./4).
•The sound velocity of the particulate material must be distinctly different from that of
the
liquid.
• The sound velocity of the medium is directly included in the measurement result.
• The particle velocity often differs noticeably from the velocity of the liquid.
•Usually, the ultrasonic field extends only into the peripheral f low. That is why indication
is
heavily dependent on the f low profile.
• The velocity needs to be far higher than the critical velocity at which particles settle.
•Very long unimpeded inlet runs (20 x D) are needed to allow conclusions to be drawn
from the f low rate.
1. Medical applications (measurement of the blood f low)

Absolute accuracy is not a requirement. Only good dynamic performance is required which
reproduces blood pulsation in the veins and arteries in great detail for diagnosis (similar to
an ECG). The sensor pad is simply applied to the skin (with coupling gel) avoiding bleeding.

2. Measurement of the f low of slurries (e.g. iron ore)

By its very nature, particle concentration is high. The sound velocity of the particles also
differs sufficiently from that of the carrier medium. The f lowmeter is often used to provide
a signal when the velocity drops below the critical level. The penetration depth of the
ultrasonic
beam, which depends on the concentration, and also the f low profile tend to cause
considerable errors of measurement.
To diagonally canoe across a river with
the current flow takes less time than
against the current flow.

The stronger the current,then faster

the crossing than against it.

This difference between the travel

times with and against the current is
directly proportional to the flow velocity
of the river.
This effect is exploited by ultrasonic
flowmeters to determine flow velocity and
flow rate. Electro-Acoustic
converters(piezo’s) emit and receive short
electronic pulses through the product
flowing in the tube
V = L/t ; (where L= D/sinα )

V = {D(Tba – Tab )}/ {sin(2α)(Tba .Tab)}

Q= V*A = [D3π (Tba - Tab)] / [4 sin(2α) . (T ab T ba )]
 Use ref lect mode whenever possible,
however for short pipe run and plastic
pipes use direct method
 For ref lect method, the spacing
between transducers is to be adjusted
according to pipe wall thickness and
hence procedure becomes complex.

** Z-method also called direct method

•Obstruction less f low
•Pressure drop equal to an equivalent length of
straight pipe
•Unaffected by changes in temperature, density or
viscosity
•Bi-directional f low capability
•Corrosion-resistant
•Accuracy about 1% of f low rate
•Relative low power consumption
 The pipe wal should be cleaned and be rust free.
Pipe is full.
Fluid media conduct sonic energy.
Avoid installing transducer anywhere near a
downstream of throttling valve , mixing tank, etc.

 Clamp On method
In-Line method
 CLAMP ON TYPE

IN-LINE
TYPE

The more the no of measuring paths= Higher the accuracy at

varying “Reynolds number”
The operating principle for the ultrasonic
f lowmeter requires reliability high frequency
sound
transmitted across the pipe.
 Liquid slurries with excess solids or with
entrained gases may block the ultrasonic pulses.
Ultrasonic f lowmeters are not recommended for
primary sludge, mixed liquor, aerobically digested
sludge, dissolved air f lotation thickened sludge and
its liquid phase, septic sludge and activated carbon
sludge.
Liquids with entrained gases cannot be measured
reliably.