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response
3.1 RESPONSE &
COORDINATION
• External environment
• Refers to the physical and chemical conditions outside an
organism and how these conditions affect it
• Internal environment
• Refers to the physical and chemical conditions of the tissue
fluid (interstitial fluid) surrounding the tissues of an
organism
Living Organisms
• Response:
• Action taken by an effector in response to impulse receive
STIMULUS SENSE ORGAN SENSATION
(RECEPTORS)
Light Eye Sight
Sound Ear Hearing
Chemicals in air Nose Smell
Chemicals in food Tongue Taste (sweet, salty, sour,
bitter)
Temperature Warm, hot, cold or cool
Pressure Pressure
Skin
Touch Texture
Pain Pain
Stimulus Receptor
Nerve impulse travels
along an afferent nerve
Integrating centre
(Central Nervous
System)
Nerve impulse
travels along an
efferent nerve
NORMAL CONDITION
NORMAL CONDITION
Plant responses to
external environment
• Nastic movement
• Growth movement of a plant organ that is not
directed towards or away from an external
stimulus
• Fast because it result from osmotic changes
at the cellular level
Plant responses to
external environment
• Coordination:
• The act of making parts of
something work together in an
efficient and organized way
The Meaning of
Coordination
Stimulus Receptors
Effectors
Appropriate responses
3.2 The role of human
nervous system
• NS controls & coordinates the activities of human body
by:
1. Detecting changes (stimuli) by receptors inside (internal
environment) & outside (external environment)
2. Processing the received sensory information about
these stimuli, and decides what to do
3. Initiating responses to these stimuli (taking appropriate
actions)
Cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Mid Brain
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal Cord
CEREBRUM
Cerebral Cortex
MOTOR AREA
Control voluntary
movement
SENSORY AREA
receive & interpret
sensations from the
whole body
ASSOCIATION AREA
link motor areas with
sensory region
• Contains millions of
nerve
• Centre of intelligence,
memory, language &
consciousness
FUNCTIONS
CEREBELLUM
• Located at the back and
bottom of the brain
• Has folded surface
• Receives information
from muscles, joints,
tendons and the ears to
maintain the posture
and to balance the body
Cerebellum
Receives information from muscles,
joints, tendons and the ears to maintain
the posture and to balance the body
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Thalamus
SPINAL CORD
• A bundle of nerves that
continues from the
medulla oblongata of the
brain to the pelvic girdle
• Occupies the neural canal
of the vertebral column
• Has 31 pairs of spinal
nerves at intervals
along its length
• Communicates with the
muscles and sensory
organs below the head
through efferent and
afferent neurones
respectively in the
spinal nerves
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
Neurone
• The basic unit of the
nervous system
• Transmits electrical
impulses called nerve
impulses
• Basic structure:
• Cell body
• Axon
• Dendrites
Neurones
• 3 main types :
• Afferent or sensory neurone
• Efferent neurone or motor neurone
• Interneurone or intermediate neurone
Type of neurone
Transmission of information
along the neurone
• A neurone:
• Transmits information in the form of electrical signal
• Produce an impulse which is like an electrical current
passing along its length
Mode of transmission
along the neurone
• A gap across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon
terminal to another neurone
• Role:
• Transmits information from one cell to another (from nerve
to nerve or from nerve to muscle)
• Causes nerve impulses to travel in one direction only
Synapse
VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY
ACTION
• Involves thought and free will
• Controlled by cerebrum
• Voluntary actions are learned
• Slow response, as the cerebrum needs time to “think”
before an action is carried out
• E.g.
• Raising your hand to answer a question
• Decide to stand up
Voluntary action
(a) Receptors: (b) Sensory (c) Sensory areas of
Eyes and ear (afferent) neurons the cerebral cortex
Involuntary action
Type Symptoms Cause
Parkinson’s disease • Shaking of hand at rest • Dopamine-producing
• Weakness & stiffness of neurones in brain break up
muscles • Lack of dopamine (a
• Slowness of movement neurotransmitter) in the brain
• Poor balance which is important in
movement control
Endocrine glands
• Chemicals (organic) secreted by endocrine glands
of the endocrine system
• Serve as chemical messengers which are
transported by blood ; cause changes in one or
more target organ
• Regulate body processes and are only involved in
small amounts
• Have specific & long lasting effects
• Eventually removed from the bloodstream &
destroyed in the liver & excreted in the urine
Hormones :
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Gland Hormone Function
Antidiuretic hormone Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water
(ADH) from the collecting tubules
Follicle-stimulating Stimulates production of mature
hormone (FSH) eggs & sperms
Regulation of Hormonal
Secretions
Regulation of a hormone by another hormone
Regulation of a hormone by the level of certain substances
• Endocrine glands whose secretions are
partly regulated by the nervous system are:
• Adrenal medulla
• receives impulses from the efferent nerves of the
nervous system and secretes adrenaline in response
• Pancreas
• after a meal, the pancreas receives efferent impulses
from CNS to secrete insulin to reduce the blood
glucose level
Regulation of a hormone
by the nervous system
revision
B
A
B
C
C
Coordination involving both the
nervous and endocrine system
• A safety measure that
prepares body to respond to
dangerous/threatening
stimuli
• Involves a coordinated
effort of both nervous
system & endocrine
Fight or flight strategy
system
• Hypothalamus send impulses to adrenal cortex – release
adrenaline
• Adrenaline causes:
• More glycogen to be converted into glucose in the liver
• Increased metabolic rate
• Deeper & rapid breathing
• Faster heartbeat and raised blood pressure
• Blood to be diverted from the surface areas of the body and
the gut to the muscle
Endocrine system
Characteristics Nervous system Endocrine syd stem
Type of message Nerve impulse-electrochemical Hormone-chemical
Transport Via nerve fibres Via the blood stream
Speed of Rapid Slow
transmission
Areas of response Limited to places with nerve All over the body-one hormone
supply may affect several target organs
at the same time
Nature of the Causes muscle to contract or Causes changes in the metabolic
response glands to secrete activity
Duration of effect Short-lived and reversible Long lasting
Differences between the nervous and
endocrine system
Hormonal imbalance
• Deficiency of growth
hormone:
• In children : pituitary
dwarfism
• Adults: diminished
lean body mass, poor
bone density
Imbalance of growth
hormone
• Excessive
• gigantism (children &
adult)
• In adults: acromegaly
(new bone tissue grow
in the body’s
extremities – jaw
protrudes, hands & feet
greatly enlarged
Imbalance of ADH
• Diabetes mellitus
• Type 1 diabetes : does not produce enough insulin
• Type 2 diabetes: do not use insulin well enough to regulate
sugar?
Use of hormone in
medicine
3.4 HOMEOSTASIS IN
HUMANS
The maintenance of
relatively constant internal
environment
HOMEOSTASIS
KIDNEYS
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ultrafiltration
Urea
Mineral Salts
RBC
Plasma
proteins
OSMOREGULATION
REVISION