Chapter 14

Evaluation in Healthcare
Education
 An Evaluation Is:

• The final components of;

– Education process
– Nursing process
– Decision-making process
• Because these process are cyclic ,so evaluation serves
as a bridge at the end of one process that guides
direction of the next process
 Definition of Evaluation

Gathering, summarizing, interpreting, and

using data to determine the extent to
which an action was successful

A systematic process by which the worth

or value of something-in this case
teaching and learning –is judged
 Evaluation

• Evaluations are not intended to be

generalizable, but are conducted to
determine effectiveness of a specific
intervention in a specific setting with an
identified individual or group.
• What is the relationship between
Evaluation, Evidence-Based Practice EBP
and Practice-based evidence PBE
 Evidence-Based Practice EBP
• EBP has evolved and expanded over
decades and can be defined as the
conscientious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about
patient care (Melnyk and Fineout-
Overholt,2005,p.6)
• It includes results of systematically
conducted evaluation from researches
 Practice-based evidence PBE
• PBE is just beginning to be defined and
include results of systematically
conducted evaluation from practice and
clinical experience rather than from
research
The Difference between Assessment and
Evaluation

Assessment = Input

Evaluation = Output
 The Difference between Assessment
and Evaluation
Assessment and evaluation are two concepts that
are highly interrelated and are often used
interchangeably as terms, but they are not
synonymous.
Assessment: a process to gather, summarize,
interpret, and use data to decide a direction for
action.
Evaluation: a process to gather, summarize,
interpret, and use data to determine the extent
to which an action was successful.
 Formative and summative
assessment
• Formative assessment
• A set of formal and informal assessment methods
undertaken by the teachers at the time of the learning
process is known as Formative Assessment. It is
a part of the instructional process, which is
undertaken by the teachers, with an objective of
enhancing the student’s understanding and
competency, by modifying teaching and learning
methods.
• Formative Assessment attempts to provide
direct and detailed feedback to both teachers
and students, regarding the performance and
learning of the student. It is a continuous
process, that observes student’s needs and
progress, in the learning process.
• The goal of formative assessment is to
monitor student learning to provide ongoing
feedback that can be used by instructors to
improve their teaching and by students to
improve their learning.
• More specifically, formative assessments:
• help students identify their strengths and
weaknesses and target areas that need work
• help faculty recognize where students are
struggling and address problems immediately
• Formative assessments are generally low
stakes, which means that they have low or no
point value. Examples of formative
assessments include asking students to:
• draw a concept map in class to represent their
understanding of a topic
• submit one or two sentences identifying the
main point of a lecture
• turn in a research proposal for early feedback
• Summative assessment
• refers to the evaluation of students; that
focuses on the result. It is a part of the grading
process which is given periodically to the
participants, usually at the conclusion of the
course, term or unit. The purpose is to check
the knowledge of the students, i.e. to what
extent they have learned the material, taught to
them.
• Summative Assessment, seeks to
evaluate the effectiveness of the course
or program, checks the learning
progress, etc. Scores, grades or
percentage obtained to act as an
indicator that shows the quality of the
curriculum and forms a basis for
rankings in schools.
• The goal of summative assessment is to
evaluate student learning at the end of an
instructional unit by comparing it against some
standard or benchmark.
• Summative assessments are often high stakes,
which means that they have a high point value.
Examples of summative assessments include:
• a midterm exam
• a final project
• a paper
• a senior recital
• Information from summative assessments
can be used formatively when students or
faculty use it to guide their efforts and
activities in subsequent courses.
 Basic difference between Formative and summative assessment
BASIS FOR FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
COMPARISON

Meaning Refers to a variety of assessment Defined as a standard for

procedures that provides the evaluating learning of
required information, to adjust students.
teaching, during the learning
process.
Nature Diagnostic Evaluative
What is it? It is an assessment for learning. It is an assessment of
learning.
Frequency Monthly or quarterly Term end
Aims at Enhancing learning Measuring student's
competency.
Goal Monitor student learning. Evaluate student learning.
Weight of Low High
grades
 Steps in Evaluation

• Focus of evaluation
• Designing evaluation
• Conducting evaluation
• Analyze and interpret data
• Reporting and using result of data
 STEP ONE
Focus of evaluation
 RSA Evaluation Model

• RSA model places five basic types of

evaluation in relation to one another
based on purpose ,related question,
scope and resources components of
evaluation focus (Figure 14-1)
• These 5 types leading from the simple
to complex
 RSA Evaluation Model
high low

time & frequency

cost
Impact

Outcome

Content

Process
low Total Program high
 Process (Formative) Evaluation
• Purpose: to make adjustments as soon as
needed during education process
• Scope: limited to specific learning
experience; frequent; concurrent with
learning
 Content Evaluation
• Purpose: to determine whether learners have
acquired knowledge/skills just taught
• Scope: limited to specific learning experience
and objectives; immediately after education
completed (short-term)
 Outcome (Summative) Evaluation
• Purpose: to determine effects of teaching

• Scope: broader scope, more long term and less

frequent than content evaluation
 Impact Evaluation
• Purpose: to determine relative effects of
education on institution or community

• Scope: broad, complex, sophisticated, long-

term; occurs infrequently
 Total Program Evaluation
• Purpose: to determine extent to which total
program meets/exceeds long-term goals
• Scope: broad, long-term/strategic; lengthy,
therefore conducted infrequently
 STEP TWO
Designing the evaluation
Designing the evaluation

An important question to be answered in designing an

evaluation is “How rigorous should the evaluation be”
All evaluation should be systematic and and carefully
planned and structured before they are conducted.
Evaluation design could be structured from a research
perspective
• Essential questions to be asked when
designing evaluation tool

• What types of data will be collected?

– Complete (people, program, environment)
• From whom or what will data be collected?
– From participants, surrogates, documents,
and/or preexisting databases
– Include population or sample
• How, when, and where will data be collected?
– By observation, interview, questionnaire, test, record
review, secondary analysis
– Consistent with type of evaluation
– Consistent with questions to be answered
• By whom will data be collected?
– By learner, educator, evaluator, and/or trained data
collector
– Select to minimize bias
 Evaluation Barriers
• Lack of clarity
– Resolve by clearly describing five evaluation
components.
– Specify and operationally define terms.
• Lack of ability
– Resolve by making necessary resources available.
– Solicit support from experts.
• Fear of punishment or loss of self-esteem
– Resolve by being aware of existence of fear among
those being evaluated.
– Focus on data and results without personalizing or
blaming.
– Point out achievements.
– Encourage ongoing effort.
– COMMUNICATE!!!
 Selecting an Evaluation Instrument
• Identify existing instruments through literature
search, review of similar evaluations conducted
in the past.

• Critique potential instruments for:

– Fit with definitions of factors to be measured
– Evidence of reliability and validity, especially with a
similar population
– Appropriateness for those being evaluated
– Affordability, feasibility
 STEP THREE

Conducting an evaluation
 When conducting an evaluation:
• Conduct a pilot test first.
– Assess feasibility of conducting the full evaluation as
planned.
– Assess reliability, validity of instruments.

• Include extra time.

– Be prepared for unexpected delays.

• Keep a sense of humor!

 STEP FOUR

Data Analysis and Interpretation

 Data Analysis and Interpretation
The purpose for conducting data analysis is
two-fold:
1. To organize data so that they can provide
meaningful information, such as through the
use of tables and graphs, and
2. To provide answers to evaluation questions.

Data can be quantitative and/or qualitative

in nature.
 STEP FIVE

Reporting and using result of data

 Reporting and using Evaluation
Results
• Be audience focused.
– Begin with a one-page executive summary.
– Use format and language clear to the audience.
– Present results in person and in writing.
– Provide specific recommendations.
• Stick to the evaluation purpose.
– Directly answer questions asked.
• Use data as intended.
– Maintain consistency between results and
interpretation of results.
– Identify limitations.
 Summary of Evaluation Process

• The process of evaluation in healthcare

education is to gather, summarize, interpret, and
use data to determine the extent to which an
educational activity is efficient, effective, and
useful to learners, teachers, and sponsors.
• Each aspect of the evaluation process is
important, but all of them are meaningless
unless the results of evaluation are used to guide
future action in planning and carrying out
interventions.