IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE

CAMERAS AND MEASURES TO ENHANCE THE

TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM IN TRIVANDRUM

GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY
DR. M. SATYAKUMAR JUSTIN DOMINIC
PROFESSOR M2-TE, ROLL NO: 07
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1
TRIVANDRUM TRIVANDRUM
 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION
• INTRODUCTION

• LITERATURE REVIEW

• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

• GAPS IN RESEARCH WORK

• NEED & SCOPE OF STUDY

• OBJECTIVES

• METHODOLOGY

• DATA COLLECTION

• DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

• MODEL DEVELOPMENT & VALIDATION

• SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

• REFERENCES
2
 INTRODUCTION
• ITS improves transport system, mobility pattern & road safety using
traffic monitoring & surveillance devices on vehicles & infrastructures

• Advanced Transportation Management & Emergency Incident

Management are effectively done using traffic surveillance system

• It helps in traffic law enforcement & violation prevention by detecting

violations, crimes & accidents on roads & intersections and supplies
real time information for proper response & control actions

• It observes vehicle & pedestrian traffic condition along with crowd

behaviour during processions, festivals & public gatherings in the city

• Need for an efficient & effective traffic enforcement system to curb

violations & accidents is a real challenge for the police & authorities

3
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR WORK DONE

Dominic Zaal Traffic Law Enforcement: • Types of traffic enforcement methods &
A review of the literature- options available to increase the overall
1994 efficiency & effectiveness of enforcement
• Examines issues related to traffic law
enforcement such as deterrence
mechanism, legislation effectiveness &
legal sanctions
• the need to use 3 E’s in conjunction to
modify physical & social environment

W.M. Hirst, Are speed enforcement • Models developed predict impact of

L.J. Mountain, cameras more effective speed management schemes on
M.J. Maher than other speed accidents which varies with speed
management measures? changes, site & scheme characteristics
An evaluation of the • Engineering schemes with vertical &
relationship between horizontal deflections were studied
speed & accident • Models confirm that schemes with
reductions- 2005 vertical deflections are most effective in
reducing speeds & accidents
4
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR WORK DONE

Kate M. Blincoe, Speeding drivers’ •To understand why drivers exceed the
Andrew P. Jones, attitudes and speed limits, through sampling of road
Violet Sauerzapf, perceptions of speed users prosecuted for exceeding the speed
Robin Haynes cameras in rural limit in Norfolk England
England- 2005 • opinions of 4 driver groups-conformers ,
deters, manipulators & defiers were taken
• Prosecution experience resulted in anger
& respondents lack awareness of link
between speed & collisions

Ryan Fries, Accelerated Incident • faster an incident is detected, verified &

Mashrur Detection and cleared, less significant the impact, for
Chowdhury, Verification: A which cameras & technologies are used.
Yongchang M Benefit to Cost Analysis • work examined effectiveness of cameras
of Traffic Cameras- at 5 freeway sites in South Carolina using
2007 the traffic simulation software PARAMICS to
simulate various incidents
• benefit-cost analysis based on simulation
results suggested cameras returned $12 for
every $ spent under prevailing conditions5
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR
Alena Erke Red light for red-light
cameras? A meta-analysis
of the effects of red-light
cameras on crashes-
2008
John S. Adams, Automated Enforcement
Barbara J. of
VanDrasek Red-Light Running &
Speeding Laws in
Minnesota- 2009
WORK DONE
• Installation of RLCs lead to an overall
increase in crashes by about 15%
• Rear-end collisions increased by 40% &
right angle collisions, target crashes for
RLC’s reduced by 10%.
• RLCs may reduce crashes under some
conditions, but on the whole is not a
successful safety measure
• Reviews suggests how it can use ATE
to improve safety, cut deaths & injuries,
reduce economic loss etc.
• Summarizes legal issues surrounding
ATE
• Describes best practices for making
automated enforcement legislation &
programs
6
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR WORK DONE
Lindsey M. Higgins, Attributes affecting • Choice model was developed &
W. Douglass Shaw, preferences for traffic used to explore public preferences
Aklesso Egbendewe- safety camera programs- for a RLC program through internet
Mondzozob 2010 survey & sample drawn from town
• Increase in the fine for violators &
number of cameras together,
provided public safety gain
• Deterrence theory implications
were suggested for improving
accident prevention through RLC

Evaluation of Automated • To find how effective ATE systems

Troy D. Walden, Traffic Enforcement are in reducing crashes at controlled
Srinivas Geedipally, Systems in Texas- 2011 intersections
Myunghoon Ko, • To measure changes in driver
Robert Gilbert, behaviour after ATE systems were
Marcie Perez removed
• Statewide estimate of effectiveness
indicated reduction in RLR crashes

7
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR
Thuso Mphela The Impact Of Traffic Law
Enforcement on
Road Accident Fatalities in
Botswana - 2011
Jen-Chao Tai, Image Tracking of
Kai-Tai Song Motorcycles and Vehicles
on Urban Roads and Its
Application to Traffic
Monitoring and
Enforcement- 2011
WORK DONE
• uses multiple regression analysis
subjecting variables to backward
stepwise regression to assess
impact of traffic law enforcement
• study uses secondary data &
interview data from law enforcers
• findings reveal that the
enforcement of the new road laws
has achieved little in the reduction of
fatalities
• Image tracking gained attention for
use in vision-based traffic
monitoring & surveillance
• contour initialization & tracking
algorithm is used to track multiple
motorcycles & vehicles and Kalman
filter is also designed for updation
• video clips are presented to
evaluate performance of proposed
method 8
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR WORK DONE
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, Effectiveness of RLR • Evaluate & assess effectiveness of
Ramesh Otturu camera enforcement RLR enforcement program in
program in reducing reducing crashes at signalized
crashes- 2013 intersections
• Data were gathered, analyzed &
compared for different conditions
• Descriptive analysis & statistical
tests were performed for different
types & number of crashes

Karthika P.T, Impact of Surveillance • Describes the impact of surveillance

Varsha V. Cameras at Intersections cameras installed in the City
- 2013 • Plays crucial role in reducing crime
& traffic violations to a certain extent
• Proper enforcement measures were
taken to improve the efficiency of
cameras for surveillance & detection

9
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR WORK DONE
Haojie Li, The impacts of speed • Evaluates impact of speed cameras on
Daniel J. Graham, cameras on road reducing road accidents in UK by
Arnab Majumdar accidents: An application accounting for confounding factors &
of propensity score selection of proper reference groups
matching methods- 2013 • Before & after approach, were empirical
Bayes (EB) & propensity score matching
(PSM) methods were compared &
showed similar results that there is
reduction in accidents at camera sites

Ellen De Pauw, An Evaluation of the • Evaluates traffic safety effects of 65

Stijn Daniels, Traffic Safety effect of fixed speed cameras installed on
Tom Brijs, fixed Speed Cameras- highways in Belgium, 2002-2007
Elke Hermans, 2013 • Speed cameras had a favourable effect
Geert Wets for all road user categories on traffic
safety, mainly reduction in severe
crashes & fatal injuries of road users at
treated locations
10
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR
Ashok, Designing a Model to
Dr. Harish Rohil, enhance the efficiency of
Manju Road Traffic Enforcement
System in India- 2014
WORK DONE
• A model is presented for enhancing
efficiency of road traffic enforcement
system
• 3 concepts used- locating the violator,
identifying the violation and violation
enforcement
• Proposed model is made using
simulator designed & developed on
Java platform

Ellen De Pauw, Behavioural effects of fixed • 3 outcomes were analysed: average

Stijn Daniels, speed cameras on speed, the odds of drivers exceeding
Tom Brijs, motorways: Overall the speed limit & exceeding over 10%
Elke Hermans, improved speed • Before & after comparison of speeds
Geert Wets compliance or kangaroo show that drivers do slow down quite
jumps? - 2014 abruptly before the camera and speed
up again after passing the camera
• V-profile is found in the spatial speed
distribution for both locations
11
 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE & YEAR WORK DONE
Alena Hoye Speed cameras, section • Meta-analysis of effects of speed cameras
control and kangaroo & section control on crashes was done
jumps–a meta-analysis • Speed cameras reduced total crashes by
- 2014 20% & fatal crashes by 51% with its effect
declining with increase in distance from it
• Section control had more crash reducing
effect than speed cameras, however speed
cameras & section control were found to
achieve speed reductions

Jakub Sochor, Fully Automated Real- • fully automated system for traffic
Adam Herout Time Vehicles Detection surveillance which can count vehicles &
and Tracking determine directions & lane change
with Lanes Analysis- •system works without manual input & in
2014 real time for real traffic surveillance
applications
•system uses motion detection & tracking
with the Kalman filter & lane detection is
based on clustering of trajectories of
vehicles
12
 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEWS
• Road traffic accidents are due to improper road user behaviour,
incompliance with law etc. and are inversely related

• Most literatures indicate that presence of traffic surveillance cameras

reduced violation, crashes & accidents to a certain extent

• Analysis or evaluation of traffic surveillance system is done through

before & after studies based on installation & operation of system

• Installation receives lack of public support and suffers legal & financial
setbacks which has to be cleared for successful installation & operation

• Studies provide evidence of connections between the level of police

enforcement, driving behavior and number of violations & accidents

• Over speeding & red light running are major violations studied and role of
cameras in reducing crashes has been analysed with reduction in rates
13
 GAPS IN RESEARCH WORK

• Many published works are available on the study of traffic surveillance

cameras, but analysis of some aspects are still under research

• Studies on impact of surveillance & speed cameras on road safety are

few as this system is used & operated successfully in a few countries

• Many of the works deal with over speeding, signal jumping & fatal
crashes, while other violations & crashes are least studied

• Large data set, challenging data collection and unavailability of updated

records provide hindrance in study and leave gaps

• Study of traffic surveillance system in heterogenous Indian conditions

and plans & designs to enhance & automate the system are relatively
few due to different constraints

14
 NEED & SCOPE OF STUDY

• Youth & middle aged are involved in road accidents leading to

economic loss every year, even after necessary measures are taken

• Establishing a traffic surveillance system could be successful in

violation prevention, accident reduction & traffic law enforcement

• Safety audits shows that Trivandrum lacks safety & security due to few
policemen & people in public spaces and poor walkways & footpaths

• Scope of study is limited to Trivandrum city including all intersections

& road stretches and city has a high level of inhabitants & vehicles

• Decision makers can use statistics and results to improve policies and
increase resources required to develop or enhance the traffic
enforcement systems and reduce traffic violations and fatal accidents

15
 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

• To identify roads & intersections where traffic surveillance cameras are

installed & need to be installed for improved traffic flow & road safety

• To evaluate the impact of traffic surveillance cameras in reducing rash &

impaired driving, traffic violations & road accidents

• To study the effectiveness of surveillance cameras in improving road user

behaviour & adherence to traffic rules and regulations

• To develop & validate accident/fatality model in SPSS with violations as

factors responsible for accidents using multiple linear regression analysis

• To suggest effective methods & measures to enhance the present traffic

enforcement system for the city

16
 STUDY AREA - TRIVANDRUM CITY

Figure- Road Network and Location Map Of Trivandrum City 17

(Source: Google Images)
 METHODOLOGY

Inventory & data collection from primary & secondary sources

regarding accidents reported & violations detected in Trivandrum city
during a specific time period of 2008-2014 & 2011-2014 respectively

Statistical study & detailed analysis of data collected inorder to assess

the impact & influence of surveillance system on road user behaviour
& traffic law enforcement especially on violations & accidents

Develop & validate an accident/fatality model connecting violation as

factors responsible for accidents and to suggest measures to
enhance the traffic enforcement system in the city

Flowchart of the Methodology adopted for the study 18

 METHODOLOGY

• Inventory of places where surveillance cameras are installed in city was prepared
& updated. Accident & Violation data of city was collected for detailed analysis

• Study using crash data, petty cases, traffic videos, field observations was done to
evaluate the impact & influence of surveillance system used for law enforcement

• Questionnaire survey was completed on a sample of road users regarding their

knowledge & impact of these cameras on driver behavior, road safety & traffic flow

• Statistical tests & Descriptive analysis was done on violation & accident data and
models were developed in SPSS for fatalities using multiple regression analysis

• Effective & efficient measures were suggested for enhanced traffic enforcement
system, inorder to improve road safety, prevent accidents & reduce violations

19
 DATA SOURCES

DATA
SOURCES

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY

SOURCES DATA SOURCES

Police Control Room, NATPAC,

Cantonment Police Station, Motor Vehicle Department,
State Crime Records Regional Transport Office,
Bureau Police Training College
20
 DATA COLLECTION
• Road network map & Location map of Trivandrum city
• Reconnaissance survey of major location with traffic enforcement cameras

21
 DATA COLLECTION
• The population of Trivandrum city according to the 2011 census

Table. Demographic profile of Trivandrum according to 2011 Census

Trivandrum Total Male Female

City Population 752490 364657 387833
Literates/ Average Literacy 647479/ 93.72 316614/ 94.94 330865/ 92.58
Sex ratio/ Child sex ratio 1064/ 978
Population Density 5284 persons/km2
Municipal Corporation Population 957730 467739 489991
Metropolitan/U.A. Population 1687406 815200 872206

22
 DATA COLLECTION
• Detailed Vehicle Population report of the 6 RTOs with all classes of
registered transport & non transport vehicles in Trivandrum till 2014
(Source: Motor Vehicle Department, Trivandrum)

Consolidated Vehicle Population (1900-2014) in Trivandrum

(Source: Motor Vehicle Department, Trivandrum)
KERALA ROAD TRANSPORT OFFICE TOTAL VEHICLES COUNT
KRTO1- TRIVANDRUM CITY 6,23,095
KRTO16- ATTINGAL 1,67,00
KRTO19- PARASSALA 1,01,83
KRTO20- NEYYATTINKARA 1,60,592
KRTO21- NEDUMANGAD 1,80,377
KRTO22- KAZHAKOOTTAM 1,18,678
TOTAL VEHICLE POPULATION 11,09,625

23
 DATA COLLECTION
• Detailed list of locations of Surveillance & Speed cameras in Trivandrum city
till 2014. (Source: Cantonment Police Station, Trivandrum)

Figure –Maps indicating presence of surveillance & speed cameras in Trivandrum 24

Source- Google Images
 DATA COLLECTION
• Closer view of locations with Surveillance & Speed cameras in Trivandrum
city till 2014. (Source: Cantonment Police Station, Trivandrum)

25
Figure – Images of different types of Traffic surveillance cameras in city
 DATA COLLECTION
• Detailed Accident data of Trivandrum city from 2008-2014.
(Source: State Crime Records Bureau, Pattom, Trivandrum)

Figure - Image of reported accident data for Trivandrum city during 2008-2014
(Source: State Crime Records Bureau, Pattom, Trivandrum) 26
 DATA COLLECTION

Table - Annual accidents reported in the city during 2008-2014

(Source: State Crime Records Bureau, Pattom, Trivandrum)

YEAR TOTAL ACCIDENTS

2008 1539
2009 1490
2010 1293
2011 1540
2012 1841
2013 3775
2014 3240

27
 DATA COLLECTION
• Detailed Violation data from surveillance & speed cameras in the city
from 2011-2014. (Source: Cantonment Police Station, Trivandrum)

Figure - Image of traffic violation data for Trivandrum city during 2011-2014
(Source: Police Control Room, Cantonment Police Station, Trivandrum)
28
 DATA COLLECTION
Table - List of violations detected by surveillance & radar cameras during 2011-2014
(Source: Police Control Room, Cantonment Police Station, Trivandrum)
CAMERA
TOTAL IN 2011 TOTAL IN 2012 TOTAL IN 2013 TOTAL IN 2014 TOTAL DETECTED
OFFENCES
NO SEATBELT 16276 8273 6378 4130 35057

NO HELMET 27374 48662 61259 40769 178064

ZEBRA LINE
5137 2822 2874 2041 12874
CROSSING
NO PARKING 56 84 1627 172 1939

SIGNAL VIOLATION 10 41 36 0 87

MOBILE PHONE 26 47 2 0 75

OVERLOAD 6 30 34 23 93
FOOTPATH
0 24 219 37 280
PARKING
BLACKFILM 0 670 11 0 681

TOTAL 48885 60653 72440 47172 229150

RADAR
TOTAL IN 2011 TOTAL IN 2012 TOTAL IN 2013 TOTAL IN 2014 TOTAL DETECTED
OFFENCES
OVERSPEED
1504 3703 16064 15481 36752
SIGNAL
VIOLATION 2098 698 3338 3408 9542
TOTAL 3602 4401 19402 18889 46294 29
 DATA COLLECTION
• Discussion with officials of NATPAC, Cantonment Police Station,
Traffic Control Room, Motor Vehicle Department, Regional Transport
Office and Police Training College, Trivandrum

Figure – Images of the traffic surveillance system in Police Control Room at

Cantonment Police Station,Trivandrum
30
 DATA COLLECTION
• Traffic videos are focused, shifted or zoomed for traffic activities on roads & intersections
• Registration number are recognised digitally & verified manually to avoid error & duplication
• Cameras are monitored in 2 shifts (7am-2pm & 2pm-9pm) to register 150-250 petty cases
• Less police officers on duty & lack of updated technology, resources & stationeries lead to
inefficiency, problems & delay in tracking, identifying, notifying and punishing the violators

31
Images of violations & offences captured from surveillance cameras in the city
 DATA ANALAYSIS & INTERPRETATION

• Classification & analysis of reported

Accident accidents to find its trend
• Find major factors & identify counter
Analysis measures to curb accidents

• Classification & analysis of detected

Violation violations & petties associated
• Identify major violations and their
Analysis annual trend and share

32
 ACCIDENT ANALAYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• Accident Analysis
• reported accidents decreased gradually from 2008 to 2010 and later
increased gradually upto 2012 and tremendously increased till 2013
• accident rate came down during 2013 to 2014 indicating a 14%
reduction in number of accidents in the city.

YEAR TOTAL
TOTAL TRENDLINE OF ANNUAL ACCIDENTS
ACCIDENTS
4000
ACCIDENTS 3775
3500
2008 1539 3240
3000
2009 1490 2500

2010 1293 2000

1540 1841
1539 1490
1500 1293
2011 1540
1000
2012 1841
500
2013 3775 0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2014 3240 YEAR

Figure - Annual accidents reported during 2008-2014 and its trend (Source:
State Crime Records Bureau, Pattom, Trivandrum) 33
 ACCIDENT ANALAYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• Accident Analysis
• Accidents near intersections was compared with total number of accidents occurring
at that location or place & was found to be around quarter (20%-25%)

• Improved recording & reporting, along with the increase of vehicles & pedestrians on
roads & intersections, which is more complex during peak hours at busy intersections

TOTAL ACCIDENTS AT TOTAL ACCIDENTS NEAR

LOCATIONS INTERSECTIONS
207
959 184

525 542 115

412 452 79 91 94
379 338 70

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

COMPARISON OF ACCIDENTS AT LOCATIONS AND NEAR

INTERSECTIONS
959
788

525
412 452
379 338
207 184
79 91 70 94 115

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Figure-Bar charts showing the number of accidents at the location and at the intersection and a
34
comparison between the both during the time period 2008-2014
 ACCIDENT ANALAYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• Accident Analysis
• The reported accident data was sorted, classified and studied under different
subdivisions to find the various trends, patterns and share of each type

Table - Detailed classifications of the reported accidents during 2008-2014

(Source: State Crime Records Bureau, Pattom, Trivandrum)

FACTORS TYPES 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 TOTAL
TYPE OF ROAD NH 377 376 507 309 383 750 616 3318
SH 206 374 214 251 95 85 78 1308
OTHERS 956 740 572 980 1363 2940 2355 9906
TIME DAY 1141 1153 945 1156 1343 2566 1404 10476
NIGHT 398 339 350 386 500 1211 586 4053
ACCIDENT DIED 163 136 136 134 169 365 325 1428
INTENSITY GREVIOUS 1272 1253 1041 1275 1525 3225 2544 12141
MINOR INJURY 563 616 497 609 730 2399 1702 7183
CLASS OF GOV 9 4 9 6 13 34 45 120
VEHICLE GSV 71 92 70 53 45 63 37 431
INVOLVED
PRV 1452 1387 1200 1476 1779 3660 2950 13924
PSV 2 1 0 1 3 10 4 21
OTHERS 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4
GENDER MALE 1202 1143 1016 1200 1406 3000 2485 11452
FEMALE 329 336 266 331 430 759 557 3008
ROAD USER ACCUSED 1275 1179 990 1159 1333 2400 1929 10259
INVOLVED VICTIM 263 308 295 377 508 1370 1101 4222
INVOLVEMENT VEHICLE 1221 1125 1155 1042 1336 3311 2758 11498 35
PEDESTRIAN 355 452 420 528 503 464 291 3013
 ACCIDENT ANALAYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• Accident Analysis
• most of the accidents resulted in grevious injuries which may be due to the less
usage of helmets and seatbelts by two wheelers and four wheelers
• Majority of them occur during the day as the traffic is more during the peak hours
and the accidents which occur at night are due to poor lighting & careless attitude
• Major share of the accidents occur on other roads rather than National or State
Highways indicating the need for better designed, constructed and maintained
roads
• while the ones involved are males in majority due to more number of male
drivers, passengers and travelers. The vehicles involved in accidents are mainly
private vehicles
• Around 20%-40% of pedestrians are involved in accidents due to lack of
awareness and careless crossing.

36
 VIOLATION ANALAYSIS & INTERPRETATION

• Violation Analysis

• The radar camera catching signal violation and over speeding has increased over the past
two years

CAMERA OFFENCES DETECTED RADAR OFFENCES DETECTED

ALL MAJOR VIOLATIONS SIGNAL VIOLATION AND OVERSPEED
72440
19402 18889
60653
48885 47172

3602 4401

2011 2012 2013 2014 2011 2012 2013 2014

Bar chart indicating trend of violations detected from cameras during 2011-2014 37
 VIOLATION ANALAYSIS & RESULTS
• Violation Analysis
• Most of the violations are due to driving without safety measures such as helmet
for two wheelers and seatbelt for four wheelers
• This is followed by violations such as zebra line crossing and illegal parking
causing conflict between vehicles & pedestrians & poor traffic flow
VIOLATIONS IN 2011 VIOLATIONS IN 2012
NO SEATBELT NO HELMET ZEBRA LINE CROSSING NO SEATBELT NO HELMET ZEBRA LINE CROSSING

11% 5%
14%
33%

56%
81%

VIOLATIONS IN 2013 VIOLATIONS IN 2014

NO SEATBELT NO HELMET ZEBRA LINE CROSSING NO PARKING NO SEATBELT NO HELMET ZEBRA LINE CROSSING
4%
2% 9%
4%
9%

85% 87%

Figure - Bar charts showing annual share of camera offences detected in city during 2011-2014 38
 FIELD STUDY ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• Videos of major intersections were taken were surveillance cameras
are installed to study road user behaviour & traffic violations

39
 FIELD STUDY ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• Young(18-30 years) & middle aged(30-50 years) road users lack discipline &
compliance with law, commit violations leading to fatalities & accidents

• Minor junctions & less traffic roads witness drivers without seatbelt, helmets &
disobey traffic rules due to absence or less approach of enforcement cameras

• Controlled intersections witness signal jumping, zebra line stopping & lane
indiscipline causing accidents, congestion & delay which are recorded

• Presence of zebra lines & traffic islands provide better pedestrian crossing &
lesser accident risk along with the presence of cameras

• Overspeeding, sudden lane shift & dangerous overtaking prove to be fatal

Speeding & drunk driving is a dangerous combination for accidents & fatalities

• Accidents occurring at night are due to limited visibility, violation of rules &
undesirable behavior in dark when human policing is limited or absent.

40
 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• The population of Trivandrum city was found out from the 2011 census
Table. Demographic profile of Trivandrum according to 2011 Census

Trivandrum Total Male Female

City Population 752490 364657 387833
Literates/ Average Literacy 647479/ 93.72 316614/ 94.94 330865/ 92.58
Sex ratio/ Child sex ratio 1064/ 978
Population Density 5284 persons/km2
Municipal Corporation Population 957730 467739 489991
Metropolitan/U.A. Population 1687406 815200 872206

• Sample size for Questionnaire survey was determined to be 380, which

represents the Trivandrum city population using the following equation

41
 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

• Questionnaire survey conducted at different locations with residents,

motorists, drivers, pedestrians etc regarding their awareness and opinions
about the impact of traffic surveillance cameras in the city
• Majority are aware of surveillance cameras while only minority is aware of
the speed cameras. Many recollected major junctions & places having
cameras and a few suggested cameras to be set at certain locations.
• Major share agree change in the driving behavior and believe that the
surveillance system has been beneficial in some aspects. Very few feel that
the surveillance system is useful for the safety of pedestrians.
• Less than half of the total say that there has been significant decrease in
violations & accidents and more than half of the total say that there has been
increase in usage of helmets and seatbelts.

Table- Consolidated result of Questionnaire survey in Trivandrum city

Details & Description Results (percentage)

Driving behavioural changes Yes-79% No-21%
Pedestrians Outlook on cameras Yes-52% No-48%
Benefits & Merits due to cameras Yes-81% No-19% 42
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
The results of the Questionnaire survey conducted at different locations among the
people in Trivandrum city indicated the following table below
Table - Results of the Questionnaire survey conducted in Trivandrum city
Sl No Details & Description Results (percentage)
1 Gender Male 70 %
Female 30 %
2 Age 18-35 40 %
35-50 29 %
50 above 31 %
3 Occupation Studying 23 %
Working 53 %
Not working 12%
4 Vehicle users Two wheelers 33 %
Three wheelers 5%
Four wheelers 19 %
Bus & Truck 57%
5 Frequency Daily 73 %
Weekly 17 %
6 Awareness Surveillance camera 79 %
Radar speed camera 52 %
7 Accident/Violation Involved 25%

8 Driving behavioural Yes-79% No-21% Helmet 65 %

Seatbelt 65 %
changes Jumping Signals 26 %
Rash Driving 18 %
Overtaking 22 %
Speed 32 %
9 Pedestrians Outlook Yes-52% No-48% Safety 35%
Vigilance 16 %
on cameras Discipline 10 %
10 Benefits & Merits Yes-81% No-19% Decrease in Violation 44 %
Decrease in Accident 47 %
due to cameras Decrease in Crime 21 %
Increase in Helmet 43 %
Increase in Seatbelt 41 %
43
Increase in Discipline 19 %
 MODEL DEVELOPMENT & VALIDATION
• Accident/Fatality model was developed using multiple linear regression
analysis in SPSS, connecting violations as factors for accidents.
.
1. Trial Model - (yearwise) 2011-2014 (4years)

2. Original Model - (monthwise) 2011 May -2014 Dec (44months)

44
 MODEL DEVELOPMENT & VALIDATION
• Correlation Analysis
• Correlation analysis was done prior to Multiple regression analysis, to know
the interrelationship between the independent variables (violations)
• Correlation coefficient with value greater than ±0.5 is taken as significant
Table - Correlation Matrix formed considering violation and offence factors
VARIABLE ACCI NO NO ZEBRA NO FOOT MOBILE BLACK OVER OTHERS SIGNAL OVER
DENT SEAT HELMET LINE PARKING PATH PHONE FILM LOAD VIO SPEED
BELT CROSS PARKING LATION

ACCIDENT 1
NO SEATBELT -.516 1
NO .266 .067 1
HELMET
ZEBRA LINE -.234 .764 .135 1
CROSS
NO .510 -.120 .471 -.070 1
PARKING
FOOT PATH .653 -.206 .353 .061 .621 1
PARKING
MOBILE PHONE -.570 .512 .124 .477 -.296 -.296 1
BLACK FILM .347 -.083 .534 .023 .589 .335 -.146 1

OVER LOAD .265 -.166 .472 .001 .364 .231 -.025 .442 1

OTHERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
SIGNAL .184 -.079 -.175 -.139 -.104 .056 -.216 -.162 -.422 0 1
VIOLATION
OVER SPEED .503 -.471 .167 -.364 .187 .256 -.456 .221 .312 0 -.052 1
45
 MODEL DEVELOPMENT & VALIDATION

• Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

• General form of multiple linear regression is Y = a1X1 + a2X2 + ....+ anXn + U

• Initial model developed with all the variables for traffic accidents or fatalities:

• Accidents / Fatalities = -0.070 * no seatbelts + 0.006 * no helmets + 0.146 * zebraline

crossing + 0.167 * no parking + 2.423 * footpath parking - 8.090 * mobilephone + 0.655 *
blackfilm + 1.805 * overload + 0.049 * signal violation + 0.018 * overspeed + 171.210

• Adjusted R-Square value is 0.630 & Standard error of estimate is 51.808

• less correlated variables, blackfilm & overload were removed for a new model:

• Accidents / Fatalities = -0.073 * no seatbelts + 0.007 * no helmets + 0.152 * zebraline

crossing + 0.180 * no parking + 2.377 * footpath parking - 8.067 * mobilephone + 0.045 *
signal violation + 0.019 * overspeed + 171.492

• Adjusted R-Square value is 0.700 & Standard error of estimate is 49.169.

46
 MODEL DEVELOPMENT & VALIDATION
• Model Analysis
• Coefficients with –ve sign shows enforcement on those had -ve impact on
fatality level, indicating reduction in accidents with usage of seatbelts & non
usage of mobile phones while driving, due to inverse relationship
• Over speeding has a low coefficient of 0.019 which suggests that speeding
arrests decreases the chances of accidents

Table - Model Coefficients of Model Variables

Model Variable or Attribute Coefficients

(Constant) 171.492
No seatbelt -.073
No parking .180
Footpath parking 2.377
Mobile phone -8.067
Over speed .019
No helmet .007
Zebraline crossing .152
Signal violation .045 47
 MODEL DEVELOPMENT & VALIDATION

• Model Validation

• Chi-square test was used to measure discrepancy between observed & expected
value. The Chi-square value was estimated using the following equation:

• Chi-square value for 43 degrees of freedom at 5% significance level is 28.96.

Chi-square value obtained from model is 408.65 which is more than Chi-square
obtained from statistical table. Hence the model is good and significant.

48
 MEASURES FOR ENHANCING ENFORCEMENT
• Some of the measures and methods to enhance the Traffic Enforcement
System was identified and grouped under the 3 E’s

• Better road design, proper road lighting

Engineering • Preventive maintenance & modification of vehicles
Measures • Before & after studies, record updating & trend checking

• Traffic law enforcement, observance of rules & regulations

Enforcement • Speed control measures, traffic control devices
Measures • Training, supervision, medical checkup and precautions

Education • Road user education- safety codes, instruction manuals

Measures • Safety drive- safety week , traffic park

49
 MEASURES FOR ENHANCING ENFORCEMENT
• Some sites & portals of different Traffic Police Departments were viewed
and studied inorder to develop a user friendly portal to obtain traffic updates

50
 MEASURES FOR ENHANCING ENFORCEMENT
• Some sites & portals of different Traffic Police Departments were viewed
and studied inorder to develop a user friendly portal to obtain traffic updates

51
 SUMMARY

• Aim of work was to study the impact & influence of traffic surveillance
system on the accidents and violations in the city

• Accident and violation analysis gives the trend, figures & details
associated with them, inorder to identify contributing factors

• Contributing violation factors was used to develop accident model to

explain fatalities using multiple regression analysis in SPSS

• Analysis & Modelling suggested suitable measures (3E’s) to curb

accidents & violations and enhance traffic law enforcement system

52
 CONCLUSIONS
• Camera network exist (260), but some are out of order & function improperly
due to power failure, signal loss, connectivity problems, technical fault etc.

• Human population (752490 in 2011) & Vehicle population (1109625 in 2014)

of Trivandrum city are relatively high & is ever increasing

• Accidents are high in the city, while it first decreased from 2008 to 2010 then
increased till 2013 and finally reduced by 14% in 2014.

• Accidents near intersections & camera installed areas is around quarter the
number of total accidents occurring at that location or place, due to
increased complex interactions of vehicles & pedestrians at junctions

• From accident data, few places were noted where cameras are required:
Sreekariyam, Nalanchira, MCH, Mananthala, Poonthura, Nemom, South
Karamana, Thiruvallom & Kovalam etc.

• Absence of helmets & seatbelts while driving is the major offence followed
by zebraline stopping & illegal parking of vehicles. Radar camera catches
signal violation & over speeding increasingly over the past two years.

53
 CONCLUSIONS
• After installation of cameras in 2011, the number of violations first increased
then decreased by 2014, along with rise in vehicles ownership

• Traffic videos show signal jumping & zebraline crossing as major junction
violations while zebra lines & traffic islands provide better pedestrian crossing

• Questionnaire survey indicates many are aware of cameras & believe that
there is change in the driving behaviour & reduction in violations & accidents

• Accident/Fatality model developed was significant to predict fatalities with

violations as variables using multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS

• Measures to reduce accidents & violations, enhance road safety & traffic law
enforcement were grouped as 3 E’s: Engineering, Enforcement, Education.

54
 REFERENCES
• Ashok et al., 2014: ’Designing a Model to enhance the efficiency of Road
Traffic Enforcement System in India’, International Journal of Latest
Trends in Engineering and Technology, 3(3), 379-384.

• Eccles, K. A. et al., 2012: ’Automated Enforcement for Speeding and

Red Light Running’, Transport Research Board.

• E. D. Pauw et al.,2014: ‘An evaluation of the traffic safety effect of fixed

speed cameras’, Safety Science, (62), 168-174

• E. D. Pauw et al.,2014: ‘Behavioural effects of fixed speed cameras on

motorways: Overall improved speed compliance or kangaroo jumps?’,
Accident Analysis and Prevention, (73), 132-140

• Haojie Li et al.,2013: ‘The impacts of speed cameras on road accidents:

An application of propensity score matching methods’, Accident Analysis
and Prevention, (60), 148– 157
55
 REFERENCES
• John S. Adams & Barbara J. VanDrasek, 2009: ‘Automated Enforcement
of Red-Light Running & Speeding Laws in Minnesota’, University
Metropolitan Consortium, Minneapolis, CTS 09-26

• Karthika, P.T. & Varsha, V., 2013: ‘Impact of Surveillance Cameras at

Intersections’, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 254-260.

• T. D. Walden et al., 2011: ‘Evaluation of Automated Traffic Enforcement

Systems in Texas’, Texas Department of Transportation , Austin, Texas

• W.M. Hirst et al.,2005: ‘Are speed enforcement cameras more effective

than other speed management measures? An evaluation of the
relationship between speed and accident reductions’, Accident Analysis
and Prevention, (37), 731–741

• Zaidel, D. M., 2002: ‘The Impact of Enforcement on Accidents’, Technical

56
Research Centre of Finland Building and Transport.
THANK
YOU

57
Fixed type and Dome type surveillance cameras in Trivandrum city

58
59
60
 KRTO1- TRIVANDRUM CITY
Total Transport Vehicles 66,728
Total Non Transport Vehicles 5,56,367
Total Vehicles Count 6,23,095
KRTO16- ATTINGAL
Total Transport Vehicles 25,990
Total Non Transport Vehicles 1,41,013
Total Vehicles Count 1,67,003
KRTO22- KAZHAKOOTTAM
Total Transport Vehicles 10,930
Total Non Transport Vehicles 1,07,748
Total Vehicles Count 1,18,678
KRTO21- NEDUMANGAD
Total Transport Vehicles 23,136
Total Non Transport Vehicles 1,57,241
Total Vehicles Count 1,80,377
KRTO20- NEYYATTINKARA
Total Transport Vehicles 17,144
Total Non Transport Vehicles 1,43,448
Total Vehicles Count 1,60,592
KRTO19- PARASSALA
Total Transport Vehicles 10,640 KRTO
Total Non Transport Vehicles 91,197
Total Vehicles Count 1,01,83 61
Total Vehicle Population of Trivandrum 1259928
View of Traffic Control room at Cantonment Station in Trivandrum

62
TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS AT INTERSECTIONS
TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS AT INTERSECTIONS
TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS AT INTERSECTIONS
 VIOLATIONS DETECTED
CAMERA
TOTAL IN 2011 TOTAL IN 2012 TOTAL IN 2013 TOTAL IN 2014 TOTAL DETECTED
OFFENCES

NO SEATBELT 16276 8273 6378 4130 35057

NO HELMET 27374 48662 61259 40769 178064

ZEBRA LINE
5137 2822 2874 2041 12874
CROSSING

NO PARKING 56 84 1627 172 1939

SIGNAL VIOLATION 10 41 36 0 87

MOBILE PHONE 26 47 2 0 75

OVERLOAD 6 30 34 23 93
FOOTPATH
0 24 219 37 280
PARKING

BLACKFILM 0 670 11 0 681

TOTAL 48885 60653 72440 47172 229150

RADAR OFFENCES TOTAL IN 2011 TOTAL IN 2012 TOTAL IN 2013 TOTAL IN 2014 TOTAL DETECTED

OVERSPEED
1504 3703 16064 15481 36752

SIGNAL VIOLATION
2098 698 3338 3408 9542

TOTAL 3602 4401 19402 18889 46294

66
 VIOLATIONS DETECTED

CAMERA OFFENCES DETECTED RADAR OFFENCES DETECTED

ALL MAJOR VIOLATIONS SIGNAL VIOLATION AND OVERSPEED
72440
19402 18889
60653

48885 47172

4401
3602

2011 2012 2013 2014 2011 2012 2013 2014

Bar chart indicating trend of Bar chart indicating trend of

violations detected from violations detected from
surveillance cameras during speed radar cameras during
2011-2014 2011-2014
67