Nuts and Bolts

Threaded Fastener Issues:

 Types
 Materials/Grades
 Tightening Torque

Fasteners.ppt
 Threaded Fasteners

Did you know that?

 the Boeing 747 uses about 2.5 million
fasteners
• 70,000 titanium costing $150,000
• 400,000 other fasteners costing about $250,000
• 30,000 squeeze rivets, 50cents each installed
 In certain applications (such as an engine
head), you should tighten the bolt as much as
possible, if it does not fail by twisting during
tightening, there is a very good possibility
that the bolt will never fail

Fasteners.ppt
Why are fasteners used?

Advantages
 Removable
 Easy to install
 Wide variety of standard parts

Disadvantages
 loosening
 failure
 cost

Fasteners.ppt
Types

 Machine screws

 Wood screws

 Tapping screws

Fasteners.ppt
 Standard Thread Systems

Unified or American ACME

SI (ISO)

Pipe
Whitworth (UK)

Fasteners.ppt
 Typical Designation
1/2” - 13 UNC - 2A
Terminology of screw threads
external thread Sharp vee threads shown for
(B means internal)clarity; the crests and roots are
actually flattened or rounded
during the forming operation.

Class of fit
(1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest)

Thread Series
UNC (Unified Coarse)
UNF (Unified Fine)
Pitch (threads/inch)

Nominal Diameter
(also shown as decimal or screw #)

Fasteners.ppt
 Bolt Grades
 Grade indicates the
tensile strength of the
bolt
 Determined by bolt
material and heat
treating

Fasteners.ppt
 Tightening Torque

It is typical on engines for bolts to have a

specified tightening torque. Why?
 It results in a quantified preload on the bolts
 Insures that parts never separate
 Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces)
 Insures even distribution of loading
• prevent warpage of mating parts
• uniform pressure distribution over seal or gasket
 Preventsbolt from loosening
 Reduces fatique effects

Fasteners.ppt
 Bolt Manufacturing
Processes
 Forging (upsetting)

 Rolling
a) b)

Thread-rolling processes: a) reciprocating flat dies; and b) two-roller dies.

Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these
processes at high rates of production

Fasteners.ppt
 Manufacturing Processes -
continued
 Turning on screw machines

(a) Differences in the diameters of machined and rolled threads. (b) Grain flow in
machined and rolled threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of
the metal, rolled threads have improved strength because of cold working and
favorable grain flow.

Fasteners.ppt -
References

 Kalpakjian, S. Manufacturing Engineering

and Technology, 2nd Edition, Addison
Wesley, 1992.
 Spotts, M.F., Design of Machine Elements.
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.
 Shigley, Joseph and Mitchell, Larry,
Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-
HillBook Company, 1983.

Fasteners.ppt -