CITATION AND STYLE

Dr. Chanduji Thakor

MBA, PhD
Assistant Professor
Hemchandracharya North Gujarat
University, Patan
 Introduction
• A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for
their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to
support your research. It can also be used to locate
particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a
citation can include the author's name, date, location
of the publishing company, journal title

• A citation style dictates the information necessary for a

citation and how the information is ordered, as well as
punctuation and other formatting.
 Why Citation

• Help readers identify and relocate the source

work.
• Provide evidence that the position is well-
researched
• Give credit to the author of an original
concept or theory presented
 Types of Style
• APA (American Psychological Association) is
used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences
• MLA (Modern Language Association) style is
used by the Humanities
• Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
Business, History, and the Fine Arts
 High Impact Factors
Use the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) to locate impact factors. The impact factor is
a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a
particular year. The JCR also lists journals and their impact factors and ranking in the
context of their specific field(s).
• New England Journal of Medicine (impact factor: 54.420)
• Chemical Reviews (impact factor: 45.661)
• Nature (impact factor: 42.351)
• Nature Biotechnology (impact factor: 39.080)
• Nature Reviews Cancer (impact factor: 37.912)
• Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (impact factor: 36.458)
• Nature Materials (impact factor: 36.425)
• Nature Reviews Immunology (impact factor: 33.836)
• The Lancet (impact factor: 33.630)
• Nature Nanotechnology (impact factor: 33.265)
• Cell (impact factor: 33.116)

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/srp/publications/highimpactjournals.cfm
 Management & Commerce
International Journal of Management(IJM)
3.5420

Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science

Editor-in-Chief: G.T.M. Hult (et al.)
3.818

Global Research Analysis

3.1218

Indian Journal of Applied Research

3.4163

Emerald Insight
Title Page

The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and
the institutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left
with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the
title page, your page header/running head should look like this:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the
page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and
that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your
title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout
your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last
name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).
Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should
indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page
header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center the word
“Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your
research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research
topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and
conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and
future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a
single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250
words.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this,
indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph,
type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords.
•Footnotes: If you use footnotes to compose explanations or asides,
these should be listed after the References page. They begin a new
page, with the title 'Footnotes' centered at the top. The footnotes
are arranged by number and each new footnote number is indented
on a new line.

•Graphics: Graphics and other supporting documentation come

next, with separate, new pages for each: tables, figures, and
appendices (in that order). The pages should be labeled and
centered at the top
 Paraphrasing
• To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed by
someone else into your own words.

– Should not simply replace words with synonyms

– Should not follow the same sentence structure of
the original
– Must be cited or accompanied by an in text
reference to the original source even if the source
is in your bibliography
Example #1
During the last 60 years the development of effective
and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has
revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity
and mortality from microbial disease has been
dramatically reduced.

• Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe
drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical
treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has
been dramatically reduced.
Literature review APA
A literature review is a critical summary of what the scientific literature says
about your specific topic or question. Often student research in APA fields falls
into this category. Your professor might ask you to write this kind of paper to
demonstrate your familiarity with work in the field pertinent to the research
you hope to conduct.

A literature review typically contains the following sections:

•Title page
•Introduction section
•Literature Gap
•List of references

Some instructors may also want you to write an abstract for a literature review,
so be sure to check with them when given an assignment. Also, the length of a
literature review and the required number of sources will vary based on course
and instructor preferences.
MLA

General Guidelines

1. Type your paper on a computer and print it out on

standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper.
2. Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible
font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you
choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics
type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable
one from another. The font size should be 12 pt.
3. Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation
marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
4. Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.
•Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the
left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as
opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.

•Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in

the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and
flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask
that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow
your instructor's guidelines.)

•Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer

works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing
emphasis.

•If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page

before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes
(centered, unformatted).
What is Chicago Style?

Chicago is a documentation syle that has been published by the Chicago

University Press since 1906. This citation style incorporates rules of grammar
and punctuation common in American English. Typically, Chicago style
presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and
(2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter
and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups
of scholars.

The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities,

including those in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents
bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper

Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your
instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-
spaced text.

Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place
your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard
capitalization), not in all capital letters.

Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title,
just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;
Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking“

Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name,
followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with
Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the
right margin.
The author-date style has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social
sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s
last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where
full bibliographic information is provided.

Author/Date Style In-text Citation Bibliography

A book (Pollan 2006, 99–100) Pollan, Michael. 2006. The
Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin.
An article in a print journal (Weinstein 2009, 440) Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The
Market in
Plato’s Republic.” Classical
Philology 104:439–58.
An article in an electronic (Kossinets and Watts 2009, 411) Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan
journal J. Watts. 2009. “Origins of
Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of
Sociology115:405–50. Accessed
February 28, 2010.
doi:10.1086/599247.
A website (Google 2009) Google. 2009. “Google Privacy
Policy.” Last modified March 11.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/
privacypolicy.html.
(Source: Official Chicago Manual website)