LIGHT

 The law of reflection state that

◦ The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection; the ray leaves the surface at the
same angle as it arrives.
◦ The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal all lie in the same plane; all three could
be drawn on the same flat piece of paper

Reflection of Light
 Plane Mirror
 Images in plane mirrors
Figure to the right shows how, by reflecting
light, a plane mirror forms an image of a
point source of light such as a small light
bulb.
 The image forms in a mirror is
◦ Upright
◦ Virtual
◦ Laterally inverted
◦ Same size as the object
 ( Draw 2 reflected
( Draw the virtual image. Distance of rays, one from the
object = Distance of image ) image to the top of
the eye and the other
one from the image
from the bottom of
the eye. )

( Draw the respective incident rays

for the reflected rays you draw in
step 2. )
Centre of The geometric centre of a hollow sphere of which the
curvature, C concave or convex mirror is a part.

Pole of mirror, P The centre point on the curved mirror.

Principal axis A line which passes through the centre of curvature, C and
the pole of a curved mirror, P.

Radius of Distance between the pole, P and the centre of curvature, C.

curvature, r

Principal focus, F A point through which all rays travelling parallel to the
principal axis converge to or appear to diverge from after
reflection by the mirror.

Focal length, f The distance between the principal focus, F and the pole of
the
curved mirror, P.
Aperture of The portion of the surface of the mirror that reflects light.
mirror
Object distance, Distance of object from the pole of the mirror, P.
u

Image distance, Distance of image from the pole of the mirror,

v
 Refraction is the bending of a light ray at the
boundary of two medium as the light ray
propagates from a medium to another with
difference optical density.
 Light rays are bent when they pass at an
angle in or out of materials such as glass and
water. The effect is called refraction.
 Light passing into an optically denser
medium is bent towards the normal; light
passing into an optically less dense medium
is bent away from the normal.
 Materials such as glass, water and paraffin
are said to be optically denser than air.

Refraction of Light
 The laws of refraction
 The incident and refracted rays are on
opposite sides of the normal at the point
of incidence, and all three lie in the same
plane.
 The value of sinisinr
 is constant for light passing from one
given medium into another. This is known
as Snell's law.

Refraction of Light - Snell's Law

 The value of sini/sinr is called the
refractive index of the medium and it
gives you an indication of its light-bending
ability. n=sinisinrn= refractive index
 In SPM, when we say “refractive index”,
what we mean is the absolute refractive
index of a substance. The absolute
refractive index of a substance is the
refractive index where light ray travels
from vacuum (or air) into the substance.

Refractive Index
 The bending of light can give you a false
impression of depth.
 two rays of light leaving a point on the
bottom of a swimming pool.
 The rays are refracted as they leave the
water.
 To the observer, the rays seem to come
from a higher position, and the bottom
looks closer to the surface than it really
is.

Real and Apparent Depth

 A swimming pool appears shallower than it
actual is. This is because the light from the
pool is refracted away from the normal when
moving from water to the air.
 The setting sun looks oval in shape because
the light from the sun is refracted at different
rate when passes through the atmosphere.
 The light of stars is refracted when passes
through different region in the atmosphere.
The angle of refraction varies a little from
time to time. As a result, the stars look
twinkling.
Bending of Object in a Glass
 In figure (a) above, the light ray is refracted away from the
normal when moving from denser medium to less dense
medium.
 Figure (b) shows that, at a specific angle, the light ray is
refracted 90o from the normal. It is refracted so much that
it is only just able to leave the water. In such condition, the
incident angle is called the critical angle.
 The critical angle is the angle of incident in an optically
denser medium for which the angle of refraction is 90°.
 In figure (c), the light ray strikes the surface at an angle of
incidence greater than c. There is no refracted ray; the
surface of the water acts like a perfect mirror, and the ray
is said to have been totally internally reflected.

Total Internal Reflection and the Critical Angle

 Requirements for Total Internal
Reflection to occur.
 The light ray must propagate from an
optically denser medium to an optically
less dense medium.
 The angle of incident must exceed the
critical angle.
  The occurrence of mirage can be explained as follows.
 The air on the road surface consists of many layers.
On a hot day, the air near the ground has a low
specific heat capacity, hence the temperature
increase faster.
 The hot air becomes less dense than the cold air
higher up.
 A ray of light originated from the sky is refracted
away from the normal as the light is travel from
denser to less dense air.
 As the air passes through the lower layers, the angle
of incidence increases and the refracted ray is getting
further away from the normal.
 Finally, at a layer of air close to the road surface, the
angle incidence exceeds the critical angle. Total
internal occurs and the light ray bends upward
towards the eye of the observer.
 The observer sees the image of the sky and the
clouds on the surface of the road as a pool of water.
Mirage
 The spectrum of a rainbow is caused by
total internal reflection in the water
droplets.
 Different angles of total internal reflection
produces different colours.

RAINBOW
 There are 2 types of lenses, namely the
◦ Convex lens
◦ Concave lens
 Convex lenses are thickest through the middle,
concave lenses are thickest around the edge, but
several variations on these basic shapes are
possible, as shown in figure 1.
 Light rays passing through a convex or
converging lens are bent towards the principal
axis, whereas rays passing through a concave or
diverging lens are bent away from the principal
axis.
Optical centre, Light passing through the central block
P emerges in the same direction as it
arrives because the faces of this block
are parallel. P marks the optical centre
of the lens.
Principle Axis The principle axis of a lens is the line
joining the centres of of curvature of its
surfaces.

Principle focus, The principle focus of a lens is the

F point on the priciple axis to which all rays
originally parallel and close to the axis
converge, or from which they diverge,
after passing through the lens.

Focal length, f The focal length of a lens is the

distance between the optical centre an
the principle focus.
  he power of a lens is defined as the
reciprocal of the focal length in unit meter.
1.gram below.

P=1/f
 Important Note: f is in meter The unit of
power is diopter (D). The relationship of
the power with the thickness and types of
lens are shown in the diagram below.
Lens Power of the Lens
Converging (Convex) Positive
Diverging (Concave) Negative
Thick, with short focal High
length.
Thin, with long focal length. Low

The Power of a Lens

A light ray passes through the optical A light ray parallel to the principle
centre of the lens will not be axis of the lens will be refracted
refracted. passes through the principle focus.

A light ray passes through principle

focus will be refracted parallel to the
principle axis.

Rules for Drawing Ray Diagram for

Convex Lenses
 Characteristics of the Image: Real,
inverted, diminish
Distance of image: v < 2f

Characteristics of the Image

Formed by a Convex Lens
Position of Object: u > 2f
 Characteristics of the Image: Real,
inverted, same size
Distance of image: v = 2f

Position of Object: u = 2f
 Characteristics of the Image: Real,
inverted, magnified
Distance of image: v > 2f

Position of Object: f < u < 2f

A light ray passes through A light ray parallel to the principle
the optical centre of the axis will be refracted away from the
lens will not be refracted principle focus

A light ray moving towards the optical

centre will be refracted parallel to the
principle axis.

Rules in Drawing Ray Diagram for

Concave Lens
The image formed by a concave lens
always has the same characteristics,
namely
 virtual
 upright
 diminish
 The following is the lens equation that
relates the object distance (u), image
distance (v) and the focal length.
1 1 1
 + =
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
Positif Negatif

u Real object Virtual object

v Real image Virtual image

f Convex lens Concave lens

 The linear magnification is a quantity that
indicates the ratio of the height of the image
to the height of the object.
𝑣 ℎ𝑖
 m= =
𝑢 ℎ𝑜

m = linear magnification
u = distance of object
v = distance of image
hi = heigth of image
ho = heigth of object

Linear Magnification
Convex lens To focus the light of an object onto the film so
that Functions
a sharp image can be produced.
Diaphragm To control the size of the aperture and hence
control the amount of light move into the camera.
Focusing Ring To adjust the distance between the lens and the
film so that the image is sharply focus on the film.
Film 1.Acts as a screen for the image to form onto it.
2.Chemical on it will react when exposed to light
and produce a photograph.
Shutter Open when picture is taken to allow light move
onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the
shutter is open. It control the amount of light
move onto the film.
Aperture Open when picture is taken to allow light move
onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the
shutter is open. It control the amount of light
move onto the film.
Bulb 1.Bulb with high brightness is used.
2.The bulb must be placed at the centre of
curvature of the concave mirror.
Concave 1.The function of the concave mirror is to
mirror reflect and focus light that shines on it to the
direction of the condenser.
2.This is to increase the brightness of the
image.
Condenser 1.The condenser consists of two Plano-convex
lenses.
2.The function of the condenser is to focus all
the light that brightens the whole slide.
3.It also acts as a heat insulator to stop heat
from the bulb so it does not spoil the slide.
Slide 1.The slide acts as the object.
2.It is located at a distance between f and 2f
from the projector lens so that the image
produced is real and magnified.
3.It is purposely placed upside down so that the
image forms on the screen looks upright.

Projector 1.The projector lens projects the image on the

Lens screen that is placed a few meters away.
2.It can be adjusted to focus a sharp image.

Image 1.The image produced is

real (it form on a screen)
2.magnified
3.inverted (Since the slide is placed upside
down, hence the image looks upright)