GROUP 1

JOVEN PALAD
NEIL PANGAN
JESSA PANGANIBAN
FERNANDO M. PRONEBO III
MA. MARCEL SACLOLO
JHEARREMI NICHOULE SALTO
 HYDROLOGY
• IT IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH
THE PROPERTIES OF THE EARTH'S WATER, AND
ESPECIALLY ITS MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO LAND.

• IT IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT,

DISTRIBUTION, AND QUALITY OF WATER ON EARTH,
INCLUDING THE WATER CYCLE, WATER RESOURCES
AND ENVIRONMENTAL WATERSHED SUSTAINABILITY.
 WATER CYCLE
•THE WATER CYCLE IS ALSO KNOWN AS
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE OR
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.

•DESCRIBES THE CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT

OF WATER ON, ABOVE AND BELOW THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
PHASES OF WATER CYCLE
OR HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• EVAPORATION IS A TYPE OF VAPORIZATION THAT OCCURS
ON THE SURFACE OF A LIQUID AS IT CHANGES INTO THE GAS
PHASE.

• TRANSPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH MOISTURE IS

CARRIED THROUGH PLANTS FROM ROOTS TO SMALL PORES
ON THE UNDERSIDE OF LEAVES, WHERE IT CHANGES TO
VAPOR AND IS RELEASED TO THE
ATMOSPHERE. TRANSPIRATION IS ESSENTIALLY EVAPORATION
OF WATER FROM PLANT LEAVES.
• CONDENSATION IS THE CHANGE OF THE PHYSICAL
STATE OF MATTER FROM GAS PHASE INTO LIQUID
PHASE.
• WHEN THE TRANSITION HAPPENS FROM THE GASEOUS
PHASE INTO THE SOLID PHASE DIRECTLY, THE CHANGE IS
CALLED DEPOSITION.

• PRECIPITATION IS WATER RELEASED FROM CLOUDS

IN THE FORM OF RAIN, FREEZING RAIN, SLEET, SNOW,
OR HAIL. MOST PRECIPITATION FALLS AS RAIN.
• SURFACE RUNOFF (ALSO KNOWN AS OVERLAND
FLOW) IS THE FLOW OF WATER THAT OCCURS
WHEN EXCESS STORMWATER, MELTWATER, OR
OTHER SOURCES FLOWS OVER THE EARTH'S
SURFACE.

• INFILTRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH WATER

ON THE GROUND SURFACE ENTERS THE SOIL.
• PERCOLATION REFERS TO THE MOVEMENT AND
FILTERING OF FLUIDS THROUGH POROUS
MATERIALS.
 A PRACTITIONER OF HYDROLOGY IS A
HYDROLOGIST, WORKING WITHIN THE FIELDS OF
EARTH OR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY OR CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING. USING VARIOUS
ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES,
THEY COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA TO HELP SOLVE
WATER RELATED PROBLEMS SUCH AS
ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION, NATURAL
DISASTERS, AND WATER MANAGEMENT.
 WHAT HYDROLOGISTS DO?

A HYDROLOGIST PROVIDES A
RANGE OF SERVICES FROM HELPING
A HOMEOWNER SOLVE DRAINAGE
PROBLEMS IN HIS YARD TO
PLANNING MULTIMILLION DOLLAR
PUBLIC WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
PROJECTS.
 HYDROLOGISTS WORK TO:

• DESIGN IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR VINEYARDS AND

FARMS.
• FIND WATER SUPPLIES FOR TOWNS AND CITIES.
• CONTROL SOIL EROSION.
• CONTROL FLOODING OF STREAMS AND RIVERS.
• PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT BY PREVENTING AND
CLEANING UP WATER POLLUTION.
WATER BALANCE
EQUATION
•A WATER BALANCE EQUATION CAN BE
USED TO DESCRIBE THE FLOW OF
WATER IN AND OUT OF A SYSTEM.
•IT ALSO REFER TO THE WAYS IN WHICH
AN ORGANISM MAINTAINS WATER IN DRY
OR HOT CONDITIONS.
•A WATER BALANCE CAN BE USED TO HELP
MANAGE WATER SUPPLY AND PREDICT
WHERE THERE MAY BE WATER
SHORTAGES.
EXTENSIVE WATER BALANCES ARE DISCUSSED IN
AGRICULTURAL HYDROLOGY.
• USED IN IRRIGATION, FLOOD CONTROL AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
 𝑷 = 𝑹 + 𝑬 + ∆𝑺
WHERE:
𝑷 = PRECIPITATION
𝑹 = STREAMFLOW
𝑬 = EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
∆𝑺 = IS THE CHANGE IN STORAGE (IN SOIL OR THE
BEDROCK / GROUND WATER)
WORLD WATER
BALANCE
THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF WATER IN THE WORLD IS ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT
1386 M KM3. ABOUT 96.5% OF THIS WATER IS CONTAINED IN THE OCEANS AS
SALINE WATER. SOME OF THE WATER ON THE LAND AMOUNTING TO ABOUT
1% OF THE TOTAL WATER IS ALSO SALINE. THUS ONLY ABOUT 35 M KM3 OF
FRESH WATER IS AVAILABLE. OUT OF THIS ABOUT 10.6 M KM3 IS BOTH LIQUID
AND FRESH AND THE REMAINING 24.4 M KM3 IS CONTAINED IN FROZEN STATE
AS ICE IN THE POLAR REGIONS AND ON MOUNTAIN TOPS AND GLACIERS. AN
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ON THE EARTH IS GIVEN IN BELOW TABLE:
IT IS SEEN THAT THE ANNUAL EVAPORATION FROM THE WORLD’S OCEANS AND
INLAND AREAS ARE 0.505 AND 0.072 M KM3 RESPECTIVELY. THUS OVER THE
OCEANS ABOUT 9% MORE WATER EVAPORATES THAN THAT FALLS BACK AS
PRECIPITATION. I.E. 91% OF EVAPORATED WATER FROM SEA FALLS BACK INTO
THE SEA. THE TOTAL RUNOFF OF 0.047 M KM3 IS THE RUNOFF AND
GROUNDWATER OUTFLOW FROM THE LAND MASS TO OCEANS. IT IS
INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT LESS THAN 4% OF THIS TOTAL RIVER FLOW IS
USED FOR IRRIGATION AND REST FLOWS DOWN TO SEA.
WATER RESOURCES
SURFACE WATER
WATER CYCLE
GROUNDWATER
RESOURCES
USES OF WATER
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRIAL
HOUSEHOLD
RECREATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
HYDROLOGY
HISTORY OF
HYDROLOGY
5000 – 6000 YEARS AGO
(NILE RIVER, EGYPT)
 384-322 B.C (ARISTOTLE,
PRINCIPLE OF PRECIPITATION)
1452-1519 (LEONARDO DA
VINCI, FLOW OF OPEN
CHANNEL)
1510-1590 ( BERNARD PALISSY,
RAINFALLS ARE THE WATER
SOURCE OF RIVERS)
 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

•USES HYDROLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THE

SOLUTION OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
ARISING FROM HUMAN EXPLOITATION OF
WATER RESOURCES OF THE EARTH.
 USES OF ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
• HYDROLOGY FINDS ITS GREATEST APPLICATION IN
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF WATER-RESOURCES
ENGINEERING PROJECTS, SUCH AS THOSE FOR:
1. ESTIMATING AND CALCULATION OF WATER
RESOURCES
2. FLOOD CONTROL
3. WATER SUPPLY
4.WATER POWER
5. NAVIGATION
1. ESTIMATING AND CALCULATION OF WATER
RESOURCES
Ground water resource estimation
THE SUBJECT MATTER OF HYDROLOGY IS BODIES OF WATER
THAT IS, OCEANS, SEAS, RIVERS, LAKES,
RESERVOIRS, SWAMPS, AND ACCUMULATIONS OF
MOISTURE IN THE FORM OF SNOW COVER
GLACIERS, AND SOIL AND SUBTERRANEAN WATERS.
BASED ON THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BODIES OF
WATER AND OF THE METHODS OF THEIR STUDY, HYDROLO
GY IS DIVIDED INTO OCEANOGRAPHY (HYDROLOGY
PROPER; MORE
PRECISELY, HYDROLOGY OF THE SURFACE WATER OF LAND),
AND HYDROGEOLOGY
(HYDROLOGY OF SUBTERRANEAN WATER).
2. FLOOD CONTROL

Creek
3. WATER SUPPLY

Dam
4.WATER POWER

Hydropower
5. NAVIGATION

River Channels
• IN ALL THESE PROJECTS, HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
FOR THE PROPER ASSESSMENT OF THE FOLLOWING
FACTORS ARE NECESSARY:
1. THE CAPACITY OF STORAGE STRUCTURE SUCH AS
RESERVOIRS.
2. THE MAGNITUDE OF FLOOD FLOWS TO ENABLE SAFE
DISPOSAL OF THE EXCESS FLOW.
3. THE MINIMUM FLOW AND QUANTITY OF FLOW
AVAILABLE AT VARIOUS SEASONS.
4. THE INTERACTION OF THE FLOOD WAVE AND
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES, SUCH AS LEVEES, RESERVOIRS,
BARRAGES AND BRIDGES.
• THE HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF A PROJECT SHOULD
NECESSARILY PRECEDE STRUCTURAL AND OTHER DETAILED
DESIGN STUDIES
• MANY IMPORTANT PROJECTS IN THE PAST HAVE FAILED DUE TO
IMPROPER ASSESSMENT OF HYDROLOGICAL FACTORS. SOME
TYPICAL FAILURES OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ARE:
1. OVERTOPPING AND CONSEQUENT FAILURE OF AN EARTHEN
DAM DUE TO AN INADEQUATE SPILLWAY CAPACITY
2. FAILURE OF BRIDGES AND CULVERTS DUE TO EXCESS FLOOD
FLOW AND
3. INABILITY OF LARGE RESERVOIR TO FILL UP WITH WATER DUE
TO OVERESTIMATION OF THE STREAM FLOW.
OCEAN
RIVER
LAKE
RESERVOIR
SWAMP
SNOW
GLACIER
 SOURCES OF DATA
DEPENDING UPON THE PROBLEM AT HAND, A
HYDROLOGIST WOULD REQUIRE DATA RELATING TO THE
VARIOUS RELEVANT PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
PLAYING ON THE PROBLEM CATCHMENT. THE DATA
NORMALLY REQUIRED IN THE STUDIES ARE:
 CLIMATOLOGICAL RECORDS

A. TEMPERATURE – THERMOMETER
CLIMATOLOGICAL RECORDS

B. HUMIDITY – HYGROMETER
 CLIMATOLOGICAL RECORDS

C. WIND VELOCITY – ANEMOMETER

 CLIMATOLOGICAL RECORDS

D. SOLAR RADIATION – PYRHELIOMETER

 PRECIPITATION DATA
A. ON-RECORDING GAUGE
 PRECIPITATION DATA
B. RECORDING GAUGE
STREAM FLOW DATA
A. CURRENT METER
STREAM FLOW DATA
B. STREAM GAUGE
EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION – LYSIMETER
INFILTRATION – INFILTROMETER
SOIL MOISTURE – GRAVIMETER METHOD WITH
OVEN DRYING
GROUNDWATER CHARACTERISTICS

PHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS

WATER QUALITY DATA

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE
COLLECTION OF
HYDROLOGICAL DATA
1. PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC GEOPHYSICAL AND
ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
( PAG ASA )
2. NATIONAL IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION ( NRI )
3. NATIONAL MAPPING AND RESOURCE
INFORMATION AUTHORITY ( NAMRIA )