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CHAPTER 7
EXTERNAL FLOW
• The empirical and theoretical methods
• Flow over flat plate, cylinder, and sphere
• Flow across banks of tubes
The sphere
Whitaker’s empirical correlation
Aligned Staggered
The configuration is characterized
by:
• Tube diameter D
• Transverse pitch ST
• Longitudinal pitch SL
Flow across banks of tubes
The average heat transfer coefficient for the entire tube bank (Zukauskas correlation)
6
Flow across banks of tubes
Zukauskas correlation
If NL ≤ 20 , a correction factor may be applied:
C2 C2
Flow across banks of tubes
ReD,max: based on the maximum velocity occurring within the tube bank
The overall heat transfer rate per unit length of the tubes:
Flow across banks of tubes
The pressure drop:
ΔP = P1 – P2
Flow across banks of tubes
Flow across banks of tubes
Example
Pressurized water is often available at elevated temperatures and may be used for space heating or
industrial process applications. In such cases it is customary to use a tube bundle in which the water is
passed through the tubes, while air is passed in cross flow over the tubes. Consider a staggered
arrangement for which the tube outside diameter is 16.4 mm and the longitudinal and transverse pitches are SL
34.3 mm and ST 31.3 mm. There are seven rows of tubes in the airflow direction and eight tubes per row. Under
typical operating conditions the cylinder surface temperature is at 70C, while the air upstream temperature and
velocity are 15C and 6 m/s, respectively.
(a) Determine the air-side convection coefficient
and the rate of heat transfer for the tube bundle.
(b What is the air-side pressure drop?
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND IT
INTERNAL FLOW
mass flow rate may also be expressed as the integral of the mass flux
(ρu) over the cross section:
Momentum conservation:
Integrating twice:
Boundary conditions:
Velocity profile in fully developed region
Substituting:
into