 Motor transport contributes about 60-80 % of chemical air

pollution and noise on urban territories

 Vehicle emissions → Dispersion of pollutants → Air

pollution and noise level → Individual health risks
 Yearly vehicle emissions → Increase in concentrations →
Impact → External costs
Introduction
 Cause of emission pollutions
 Global warming
 Acid rain
 Smog

 odour
 Respiratory and other health hazards
 Ozone - lung tissues & functions
 PM - respiratory problems, Visibility, Irritations
 CO - O2 delivery to blood
 Lead - children Visibility
 NOx - lungs & respiratory functions
 SOx - Acid rain

Engine Emissions
 Engine Exhaust Emissions
 Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC)


 Oxides of Carbon ( CO, CO2)
 Oxides of Nitrogen ( NO, NO2)
 Oxides of Sulphur (SO2, SO3)
 Particulates (PM)
 Soot & Smoke
 Aldehydes
 Lead
 Non – Exhaust Emissions
 Unburned HC from fuel tank
 Crankcase blowby

Unburned HC Formation
 Irritate the mucous membranes
 Operating conditions 1000- 2000 rpm

 It rise rapidly as the mixture becomes richer than
stoichiometric mixture
Incomplete combustion
 Air – fuel ratio
 Improper mixing
 Flame quenching 
 Factors which lead to incomplete flame propagation
 Poor carburetion and mixture preparation
 Poor ignition system
 Scavenging problem due to improper valve overlap
Poor swirl and turbulence
 Excess exhaust residual gas within the cylinder
 Exhaust gas recirculation not properly controlled
 Leakage past the exhaust valve
 Lubricating Oil layer
 The presence of lubricating oil in the fuel
 Deposits on combustion chambers walls


 Vehicles run over several thousand kms
 It’s rate depends on fuel and operating condition
 Olefins and aromatic compounds tends to have faster buildup
 Valve overlap
 Evaporative emissions
 Crankcase blowby
Crevice Volumes
 Narrow volumes present around the surface of the combustion
chamber

 High surface to volume into which flame will not propagate
 They are present between the piston crown, piston rings and
cylinder liner
 Along the gasket joints between cylinder head and block
 Along the seats of the intake and exhaust valves,
 space around the plug center electrode and between spark plug
threads.



CO formation
 Colorless gas of about the same density as air
 Poisonous gas, which when inhaled replaces the oxygen in the blood stream


 Slowdown physical and mental activity
 Headache
 Large concentration can lead to death
 Due to dissociation process
 Loss in chemical energy
 Incomplete combustion
CO formation …….
 It increases during idling and lowest during acceleration
 Rich mixture
 Poor mixing 
 CO value does not drop to zero value when the mixture is
chemically
 correct and leaner
 Combination of cycle to cycle and cylinder to cylinder air-fuel
mixture maldistribution
NOx Formation
 Photochemical smog
 Principal source is oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen

 Dissociation of the molecular oxygen and nitrogen at the peak
combustion temperatures
 Temperature range of 1100 ºc
 High temperature will promote the formation of NO by
speeding up the formation reactions
 Maximum level – 10 % above the stoichiometric
 Too much lean mixture – reduce peak temperature
NOx Formation ………
 Nitrogen present in the fuel
 O + N2 = NO + N Equivalence ratio

 N+ O2 = NO + O Advanced spark timing
 N + OH = NO+ H
 NO+ H2O = NO2+ H2
 NO + O2 = NO2 +O (Zeldovich Mechanism) NOx Formation
 Photochemical smog
 Principal source is oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen
 Dissociation of the molecular oxygen and nitrogen at the peak
combustion temperatures
 Temperature range of 1100 ºc
NOx Formation ……….
 High temperature will promote the formation of NO by
speeding up the formation reactions

 Maximum level – 10 % above the stoichiometric
 Too much lean mixture – reduce peak temperature
 Nitrogen present in the fuel
 O + N2 = NO + N Equivalence ratio
 N+ O2 = NO + O Advanced spark timing
 N + OH = NO+ H
 NO+ H2O = NO2+ H2
 NO + O2 = NO2 +O (Zeldovich Mechanism)
Hydrocarbon emission :-
 causes :-
 Incomplete combustion

 Crevice volumes and flow in crevices
 Leakage past the exhaust valves
 Valve overlap
 Deposits on walls
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) EMISSION
 Created when engine is operated with a fuel rich equivalence
ratio
 CO+1/2O2=CO2+heat
Photochemical smog
 Photochemical chemical reaction of automobile exhaust and
atmospheric air in the presence of sunlight HC + NOx sunlight
Smog 
Sulphur(SOx)
 Fuel specification( Limit 50ppm or mg/kg)
 Acid rain problem
 At high temperature
 H2+ S H2S
 O2+ S SO2
 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
 SO3+ H2O H2SO4
 SO2+ H2 O H2SO3
Lead
 Gasoline additive
 It hardens the surfaces of the combustion chamber
 Limit - 0.05 g/l 
Aldehydes
 Mainly available in alcohol
 Product of incomplete combustion
 An eye and respiratory irritant
Non – Exhaust Emission
 Evaporative emission 15 to 25 % of the total HC emission from
a gasoline engine
 Crank case blowby – 20 – 30 % of the total HC
Evaporative Emissions
 Fuel tank losses
 Carburetor losses
 Fuel volatility 
 The ambient temperature
 Amount of fuel in the tank
 Tank design, location
 Refueling losses
 Running losses
 Losses through vent during operation
 Parking losses
Dirunal Emissions
 Take place from fuel tanks and carburetor float bowls
 (in engines fitted with carburetors) of parked vehicles.


 It draws in air at night as it cools down
 Expels air and gasoline vapour as it heats up during the day.
 These could be up to 50g per day on hot days.
Hot Soak Emissions
 This occurs after an engine is shut down.
 The residual thermal energy of the engine heats up
 The fuel system leading to release of fuel vapours.
Running Losses
 Gasoline vapours are expelled from the tank (or float bowl)when the
car is driven and the fuel tank becomes hot.
 This can be high if the ambient temperature is high.
Crankcase blow by
 Leakage past the piston, piston rings from the cylinder to the
crankcase

 Blow by gases are produced in the crankcase during the normal
combustion process
 Piston blowby increases with engine speed and in particular as
the piston rings and cylinder bore wears

SI Engine Emissions Control
 Main approaches
 Engine design modification & Operating parameters
 Treatment of exhaust gas
 Fuel modification

 Engine modifications
1. Combustion chamber configuration
 Reduce surface to volume area
 Reduce space around the piston rings
 Reduce top land distance
 Avoid flame quenching zones
2. Lower compression ratio
 Resuces the quenching area
 Also reduces NOx emissions


 Affect the thermal efficiency
3. Modified induction system
 Supply of air-fuel ratio for all cylinders under all operating
conditions of load and speed
 Multi choke carburettors or MPFI system
 Ignition timing
 Proper ignition timing
 Affect HC and NOx formation
 Required spark advance during cruising and retard the same for
idling running
 Also affect the power output
 Valve overlap
 Should be reduced
 Variable Valve Timing – control of scheduling of valve timing
events

 Use of leaner air-fuel ratios
 Proper modification required to provide lean and stable air-
fuel mixtures during idling and cruise operation
 Electronic Fuel injection system
 Coolant temperature
 HC – high
 NOX – low
 Fuel modification
 Unleaded Petrol
 0.05% sulphur in petrol
 0.05% sulphur diesel 
 Using reformulated fuels
 Oxygenated gasoline in winter season
 Low volatility in summer –To reduce HC emission
Evaporation Loss control device
 Control all evaporative emissions b p y capturing the vapours
and recirculation them at the appropriate times
 Adsorbent chamber 
 Charcoal bed or formed polyurethane
 Adsorbs the vapour
 Canister
 The purge control valve
 Purging - process by which the gasoline vapours are removed
Crankcase ventilations
 Phenomenon of leakage past the piston and piston rings
 from the cylinder to the crank case

 20% of the total HC emission from the engine
 Rings are worn out
 Recirculation of the vapours back into the intake air cleaner
 Closed or open crankcase ventilation
 System placed under slight vacuum
 Positive crankcase ventilation
 When the vacuum is high - blowby is less
 At wide opening throttle , the air flow gets unrestricted but
flow rate is metered by the valve opening
Exhaust Treatment Methods
 After burners
 Sustain the high temperature within the system during rich
operating conditions 
 High heat losses over a large area
Catalytic Converters
 Three way catalytic converter
 CO, HC and NOx reduction
 CO and HC can be oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the exhaust
systems
 Its quality degraded by heat, life , contaminants
Catalytic Converters ………..
 Stainless steel container
 Inside the container – Porous ceramic structure

 Ceramic honeycomb or matrix structure- also called monolith
 A bed of spherical ceramic pellets
 Volume of the ceramic structure is about half of the
displacement volume
 To reduce HC and CO emission
 Located very near to the exhaust manifold – No fall in the
temperature of exhaust
 NOx emission is not affected by the air injection
Catalytic materials
 Aluminum Oxide – Base ceramic material
 Withstand high temperature
 Low thermal expansion 
 Platinum & Palladium – CO& HC emissions
 Rhodium – NOx
