Disaster and Types

• Disaster is a geological process and is defined as

an event, concentrated is space and time in which
a society or sub-division of a society undergoes
danger
• Types of disaster
1. Natural disaster, eg:- flood, cyclone etc
2. Man-made disaster, eg:- pollution, fire etc
 Important Disasters

Floods Earth-quakes
Cyclone tsunami
Landslides Draught
 What is a Flood??

Whenever the magnitude of the

water flow exceeds the carrying
capacity of water within its
banks , the excess of water
overflows to the surroundings
causes floods.
Some natural causes of flood

•Heavy rainfall during cyclone.

•Sudden snow melt raises quantity of
water.
•Sudden and excess release of water from
dams.
•Clearing forest for agriculture etc
 Human activities that cause flood

Construction of buildings over water bodies

Construction of dams over non permitted
regions
Blocking water bodies with sewage wastes
Releasing factory waste in water bodies and
increasing the
Not maintaining a proper sewage system
 EFFECTS OF FLOODS

•Floods causes suffering of people

living in low lying area.
•They damage standing crops and
livestock.
•Floods cause large demolition of
physical properties and health
customs.
 Flood Management
Building walls prevent spilling of water
Building houses in the areas of drained lakes
and rivers should be banned.
Restore wetlands , replace ground cover on
water course.
Building check dams on small streams.
Regular cleaning of rivers and dams.
River networking in the country reduces flood
 CASE STUDIES FOR FLOOD
Flood in Bangladesh – 1974:
Every year in Bangladesh large areas are
submerged during the monsoon .In 1974 , flooding
extended nearly one-half of the country and stagnant
for more than one month.
Nearly 1500 people died in flood and 2,80,000
People died from disease.
Approximately 4,50,000 houses were destroyed
and a total of 35 million people lost their belongings.
 What is known as a cyclone??
Cyclone is a metrological phenomena,
intense depressions forming over the
open oceans and moving towards the
land. On reaching the shores, it moves
into the interior of the land and shore
lines. Their speed varies from 180-500
km/hour.
 OCCURRENCE OF CYCLONE
Warm , moist air over the ocean
rises upward from near the
surface. As the air moves up and
away from the ocean surface, it
leaves less air near the surface.
Thus , as the warm air rises , it
causes an area of lower air
pressure below. Air from
surrounding areas with higher air
pressure pushes into the low
pressure area This results in
formation of cyclone.
 EFFECTS OF CYCLONE

1. The damage depends on the intensity of cyclone.

The damage of human life , crops , transports..etc
can be huge.
2. Cyclone occurrence slow down the developmental
activities of the area.
3. It will be very difficult and takes a lot of time to
recover from the damage
 CYCLONE MANAGEMENT
Satellite images and Radar systems are used to
detect cyclones and it is being used for cyclone
warning.
For observing the exact location of cyclone,
Every half an hour satellite pictures are analysed.
It is difficult to stop cyclone but can be
minimised by planting more trees on the coastal
belt, construction of dams etc
 CASE STUDIES
Cyclone in Orissa-1999:
Two cyclones in Orissa on 18th and
29th October 1999 . It was a powerful
cyclone of speed 260 km/hr. Nearly 14 of
30 districts of orissa were damaged.
Report says that 15 million
people were affected and 90-95% of crops
were affected.
 Landslide

The movement of earthy materials

like coherent rocks, mud, soil, and
debris from higher region to lower
region due to gravitational pull is
called landslides.
 CAUSES OF LAND SLIDES
Earthquakes , shocks, vibrations, erosion and
cyclone create landslides.
Under cave mining and underground caves may
also lead to landslides.
Making the slope too steep is also a reason for
landslides.
Heavy rain and flood on slopes cause land slides
Explosion in steep region leads to land slide
 EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES
Landslides block the roads and diverts the
passage.
Erosion of soil increases.
Sudden landslides damage the houses, crop
yield, live stock etc…
It also leads to death
 LANDSLIDES MANAGEMENT
Its very difficult to landslides. However , it can be
minimized by, unloading the upper parts and
cultivating crops in sloppy areas .
Concrete support can be made the base of the
slope.
Soil stabilization using some chemical is also
effective in weak areas.
Planting more number of trees over the slope so the
roots provide a grip to the soil.
 CASE STUDIES
Landslides in UP-1998:
Due to landslide in Malpa
village, Pithoragarh district, UP on 18th
August, nearly 180 people including 60
Kailash-Mansarovar pilgrims and eight
Indo-Tibet border police personnel were
killed.
 Earth-quakes

An earthquake is a sudden
vibration caused on the earth’s
surface due to the sudden release of
tremendous amount of energy
stored in the rocks under the earth’s
crust.
 OCCURRENCE
The earth’s crust has several tectonic plates on solid
rock. These plates move slowly along their boundaries
and when friction prevents the slipping of plates ,
pressure develops and results in vibration of earth
called earthquake.
 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
Earth quakes are caused due to disequilibrium in any
part of earth crust.
 volcanic eruption and hydrostatic pressure in water
bodies like reservoirs, dams, and lakes.
Undergo nuclear testing and decreases water level.
Decrease of ground water level
Measurement of earthquake
Richter Scale Severity of earthquake

Less than 4 Insignificant

4-4.9 Minor

5-5.9 Damaging

6-6.9 Destructive

7-7.9 Major

More than 8 Great

 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
•The shocks produced by earthquake in hilly area
may cause landslides and collapse the houses and
construction which causes lots of death.
•Severe earthquake results in deformation of
ground surface and this also causes Tsunami .
 EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT
Damage the property and the life can be
prevented by constructing earthquake –
resistant buildings in earthquake prone
areas.
Wooden houses can be preferred in areas
like Japan.
Take all the precautions to avoid the loss
of lives and awareness should be created to
people who live in earthquake prone areas.
 CASE STUDIES
EARTHQUAKE IN CHILE:
The largest earthquake occurred in May 22nd , 1960 in
Chile with the magnitude of 9.5 on Richter scale, affecting 90,000
sq. miles and killing 6,000.
IN BHUJ TOWN:
The earthquake occurred here caused massive
damage and nearly 20,000-30,000 people killed and Richter scale
is 6.3.
IN IRAN:
In Iran, an earthquake in 1971 killed 25,000 people , in
the 1990 ;,50,000 were killed and in 2003 it killed more than 1000
peoples.
 Tsunami
A Tsunami is a large wave that
are generated in a water body
when the sea floor is deformed
by seismic activity. This
displaces the overlying water in
the ocean.
 CAUSE OF TSUNAMI
i. Seismic activities like earthquakes ,
landslides, volcanic eruptions etc..
Can generate tsunami.
ii. Deformation of the sea floor due to
the movement of plates.
 EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI
Tsunami attacks mostly the coastlines ,
causing devastating property , damage and loss
of life.
Tsunami can kill lot of human beings,
livestocks, etc..
Tsunami may also spread lot of water borne
diseases.
 Tsunami Management
First the earthquakes under water is
monitored by sensors on the floor of the
sea.
 Then the sensors send the information
to the floating buoys on the surface,
whenever there is change in pressure of
the sea.
Then it is spread to the people by the
means of satellite and media. Then
people are advised to take the necessary
precautions.
 CASE STUDIES OF TSUNAMI
Tsunami was formed on 26th December 2004 in
the Bay of Bengal and Indian ocean due to
massive earthquake under the Indonesian
coastal sea and the magnitude of 8.9 on
Richter scale .
Death rate
9000
7950
8000
7000
6050
6000
5000
4000 Death rate

3000
2000
1000 580
105 170
0
Andra Pradesh Kerala Pondichery Nagapatnam(TN) Tamil Nadu
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