Inheritance

Class and object

 Class is used to represent behavior and
properties of an object.
 E.g. class Car
Sports Car
Inheritance
 Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms of another
class, which makes it easier to create and maintain an
application.
 Reuse of code and fast implementation.
 The existing class is called the base class, and the new
class is referred to as the derived class.
 The idea of inheritance implements the is a relationship.
Inheritance(syntax)

A protected member variable or function is

very similar to a private member but it
provided one additional benefit that they can
be accessed in child classes/derived classes.
Example
What does a Derived Class Have?
An object of the derived class has:
 all members defined in child class
 all members declared in parent class

An object of the derived class can use:

 all public members defined in child class
 all public members defined in parent class
Example
 Consider a base class Shape and its derived class
Rectangle as follows: // Base class
class Shape
{
public:
void setWidth(int w)
{
width = w;
}
void setHeight(int h)
{
height = h;
}
protected:
int width;
int height;
};
Example

// Derived class
class Rectangle: public Shape
{
public:
int getArea()
{
return (width * height); int main(void)
} {
}; Rectangle Rect;
Rect.setWidth(5);
Rect.setHeight(7);
// Print the area of the object.
cout << "Total area: " << Rect.getArea() <<
endl;
return 0;
}
Types of Inheritance
 Single Inheritance
 Multilevel Inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Hierarchical Inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance
Single Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance

Hierarchical Inheritance

Hierarchical Inheritance

Visibility Modes
A

Private
Protected
Public

protected

Private Private Private

Protected Protected Protected
Public Public Public
B B B
 Example
 class A class B: public A
{ {
int a; public:
protected: void setdata(int x)
void setvalue(int k) {setvalue(x);}
{a=k;} };
};

int main() int main() int main()

{ { {
B obj; A obj; B obj;
obj.setvalue(5); obj.setvalue(5); obj.setdata(5);
getch(); getch(); getch();
return 0; return 0; return 0;
} } }
ERROR! ERROR!
Public Inheritance
 Is a relationship is always implemented as a public
inheritance.
 An object of a derived class 'is a(n)' object of the base
class
 Example:
 an UnderGrad is a Student
 a Mammal is an Animal
 A Dog is a mammal
 A derived object has all of the characteristics of the
base class
 Inheritance
 A derived class inherits all base class methods with
the following exceptions:

• Constructors, destructors and copy constructors of

the base class.

• Overloaded operators of the base class.

• The friend functions of the base class.

Order of Constructor Call.
 Derived classes can have their own constructors and
destructors

 When an object of a derived class is created, the base

class’s constructor is executed first, followed by the
derived class’s constructor
Order of Destructor Call.
 Derived classes can have its own destructor.

 When an object of a derived class goes out of it’s

scope, the derived class’s destructor is executed first,
followed by the child class’s destructor.
Member Function Overriding
 Suppose, both base class and derived class have a
member function with same name and arguments
(number and type of arguments).
 If you create an object of the derived class and call
the member function which exists in both classes
(base and derived), the member function of the
derived class is invoked and the function of the base
class is ignored.
 This feature in C++ is known as function
overriding.
Function Overloading VS Overriding
1. Inheritance: Overriding of functions occurs when one
class is inherited from another class. Overloading can occur
without inheritance.
2. Function Signature: Overloaded functions must differ in
function signature i.e. either number of parameters or type
of parameters should differ. In overriding, function
signatures must be same.
3. Behavior of functions: Overriding is needed when
derived class function has to do some added or different
job than the base class function. Overloading is used to have
same name functions which behave differently depending
upon parameters passed to them.
Example
How to access the overridden function in
base class.

Encapsulation
Encapsulation.
 An act of combining properties and methods, related to
the same object, is known as Encapsulation.

Book

InputData();

showData(); Methods

updateprice();

Variables
Why Encapsulation.
 Object becomes equipped with sufficient information
and set of operations.

 Any system can be assumed as a collection of

objects.

 These objects are capable to interact with each other

using various methods.
 So encapsulation has two concepts:
 Binding of data and functions.
 Controlled access. (Class)
Why Encapsulation.