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Lecture 2 - Introduction
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
A (Short) History of AI
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
A (Short) History of AI
1940-1950: Early days
• 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
1950—65: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands!
• 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program,
Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist General Problem Solver (GPS),
Gelernter's Geometry Engine, McCarthy’s invention of LISP.
• 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
• 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966—73: Reality dawns
• Realization that many AI problems are intractable.
• Limitations of existing neural network methods identified.
• Neural network research almost disappears.
1970—90: Knowledge-based approaches
• 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980—88: Success of rule-based expert systems - DENDRAL, MYCIN.
• 1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter” as expert
systems are brittle and did not scale well in practice.
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
A (Short) History of AI
1986: Rise of machine learning
• Neural networks return to popularity
• Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications.
1990s: Statistical approaches
• Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty
• General increase in technical depth
• Bayesian networks
• Agents and learning systems… “AI Spring”?
1995: AI as Science
• Integration of learning, reasoning, and knowledge representation
• AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc.
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
Current State of AI
How complicated is our brain?
• A neuron or nerve cell, is the basic information
processing unit.
• Estimated to be on the order of 1012 neurons in a
human brain.
• Many more synapses (1014) connect these neurons.
• Cycle time: 10-3 second (1 millisecond)
How complex computers can we make?
• Supercomputer: hundreds of CPUs, 1012 bits of RAM.
• Cycle time: order of 10-9 seconds.
Conclusion
• Yes: in the near future, we can have computers with as
many basic processing elements as our brain but with
Far fewer interconnections (wires or synapses) than the brain.
Much faster updates than the brain
But building hardware is very different from making a computer behave like
a brain!
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
At the end of this course, you will be familiar with the fundamentals of
different approaches used for decision making, e.g., playing a game, find
the best route, ranking your choices, classifying objects, etc.
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
Once upon a time there was a dishonest fox and a vain crow. One day the
crow was sitting in his tree, holding a piece of cheese in his mouth. He noticed
that he was holding the piece of cheese. He became hungry, and swallowed
the cheese. The fox walked over to the crow. The End.
[Shank, Tale-Spin System, 1984]
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
Natural Language
Speech technologies (e.g. Siri)
• Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
• Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
• Dialog systems
Lecture 02 - Introduction
CE451 Applied Artificial Intelligence
Partially adapted from lecture slides from Stanford University, UCIrvine, and UC
Berkeley.
Some videos taken from UC Berkeley website.
Contents from George F. Luger, AI: Structures and strategies for complex problem
solving, 6th Ed.
Lecture 02 - Introduction