Form 4 Science

Chapter 3
3.2 The Principles and Mechanism of
Inheritance
 Genes
• Some genes show their effects whenever they
are present. Such genes are called dominant
genes.
• Some genes only show their effects in the
absence of dominant genes. These are called
recessive genes.
 Dominant and recessive traits特征
in human
Dominant trait Recessive trait
Black hair Blonde hair
Normal colour vision Colour blind
Free ear lobes Attached ear lobes
Ability to rolled the inability to rolled the
tongue tongue
Blonde hair
Colour blind
Ability to rolled the tongue
inability to rolled the tongue
 Dimples
• Dimples are small, natural indentations on the cheeks.
They can appear on one or both sides, and they often
change with age. Some people are born with dimples
that disappear when they’re adults; others develop
dimples later in childhood.
• Dimples are highly heritable, meaning that people who
have dimples tend to have children with dimples—but
not always. Because their inheritance isn't completely
predictable, dimples are considered an “irregular”
dominant trait. Having dimples is probably controlled
mainly by one gene but also influenced by other genes.
Dimples
Mechanism of trait特征 inheritance继承
• Gregor Mendel
 Genotype and Phenotype - 抄!
• Genotype = genetic composition of an
organism生物的遗传组成
Example: BB, Bb, bb
• Phenotype = a physical characteristic
visible on an organism生物体上可见的
物理特征
Example: black hair, blonde hair
• Homozygote = an individual with
identical genes. Example: TT or tt
• Heterozygote = an individual with two
different genes. Example: Tt
• Monohybrid cross = a cross carried out
to study the inheritance of a single trait.
• The offspring of the first generation of
the cross forms the first filial generation
子代(F1).
 Example 1

F1
generation
F1
generation
Monohybrid cross- Example 2
What happens when two F1
black mice are crossed?
Second filial generation of monohybrid
cross
Modul Sains pg.48
Link to Modul Sains Chapter 3
 抄! 3.3 Sex Determination and the
Occurence of Twins in Human Being
Chromosome :
There are two copies of
each autosome (chromosomes 1–22) in both
females and males.
The sex chromosomes are different: There are
two copies of the X-chromosome in females,
but males have a single X-chromosome and a
Y-chromosome.
Male : 44 + XY
Female : 44 + XX
 Modul Sains pg.49
• Link to Modul Sains Chapter 3
Types of twins
 Identical twins
• identical twins occur when a single egg
(ovum) is fertilized to form one zygote which
then divides into two separate embryos.
• identical twins occurs in birthing at a rate of
about 3 in every 1000 deliveries worldwide
(about 0.3% of the world population).
 Identical twins - 抄!
• Results from the fertilisation of a single ovum
by a single sperm.
• The single zygote then divides and develops
into two separate embyros.
• They contain exactly the same genetic
information.
• They share the same placenta胎盘.
Identical twins
Identical twins
 Non-identical twins
• The most common type of twins are non-identical
twins, which can be the same or different sexes.
• This type of twinning occurs when more than one egg
is released from the ovary at ovulation (normally just a
single egg is selected and released), and both of the
eggs are fertilised by different sperm.
• The rates of non-identical twins differ between groups:
it’s about eight in 1,000 in caucasian populations, 16 in
1,000 in African populations, and four in 1,000 in
people of Asian decent.
抄! Non-identical twins forms when 2
ovum fertilised by two sperms separately.
They are
• genetically different
• same or different sexes
• do not share the same
placenta
Non-identical twins
Non-identical twins
Non-identical twins
Non-identical
twins
Siamese twins连体双胞胎
• Eng (viewer's left) and
Chang in later years
• Born: May 11, 1811
• Died: January 17,
1874 (aged 62)
Mount Airy, North
Carolina, U.S
Conjoined Twins (Siamese Twins)
 Modul Sains pg.50
• Link to Modul Sains Chapter 3
 抄! Self learning:
1) y=mx+c YouTube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3fhr4Yan
ZXeNk431FFgAKg
2) ezstudy my YouTube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjdPjNGQ
zgoI6BeyCKmZ0Qg/featured
3) KPM KSSM CD courseware
http://spp.moe.edu.my/course/
y=mx+c YouTube channel
ezstudy my YouTube channel
KPM KSSM CD courseware