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QPSK – Quaternary Phase-Shift

Keying
ECE 513 - Digital and Data
Communications 1
Prepared by: Engr. Jan Ray C. Rulida

Holy Name University. Copyright © 2010


Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
 also called quadrature PSK
 another form of angle-modulated, constant-
amplitude digital modulation
 is an M-ary encoding scheme where N=2 and
M=4 ( hence the name “quaternary” meaning
“4”)
 four output phases are possible for a single
carrier frequency
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
 the binary input data for QPSK are combined
into groups of 2 called dibits
 each symbol represents two bits
 the bit rate is twice the baud rate
 with two input bits, there are four possible
input conditions (00, 01, 10, and 11), thus
having four output phases
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
Because there are four output phases, there must
be four different input conditions . In the
modulator, each dibit code generates one of the
four possible output phases (+45°, +135°, -45°,
and -135°).
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
Therefore, for each two-bit dibit clocked into the
modulator, a single output change occurs, and
the rate of change at the output (baud) is equal
to ½ the input bit rate.
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
I channel fb/2 Balanced ±sin ωct
Logic 1 = +1 V modulator
Logic 0 = -1 V Bandpass
Binary input
filter
data fb sin ωct
Reference
carrier
oscillator QPSK output
I (sin ωct) Linear BPF
Bit summer
Splitter
Q
90° phase
shift
+2
Bit clock Bandpass
cos ωct
filter

Logic 1 = +1 V
Logic 0 = -1 V Balanced
Q channel fb/2 modulator ±cos ωct
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
 Two bits ( a dibit) are clocked into the bit
splitter.
 After both bits have been serially inputted,
they are simultaneously parallel outputted.
 One bit is directed to the I channel and the
other is directed to the Q channel.
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
 The I bit modulates a carrier that is in phase
with the reference oscillator (hence the name
“I” for “in phase channel).
 The Q bit modulates a carrier that is 90° out of
phase or in quadrature with the reference
oscillator (hence the name “I” for “quadrature”
channel).
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
 For a logic 1 = +1V and a logic 0 = -1V, two phases
are possible at the output of the I balanced
modulator (+sin ωct and -sin ωct) and two phases are
possible at the output of the Q balanced
modulator (+cos ωct and -cos ωct)

 When the linear summer combines the two


quadrature (90° out of phase) signals, there are
four possible resultant phasors given by these
expressions: +sin ωct + cos ωct, +sin ωct - cos ωct, -sin ωct + cos
ωct, and -sin ωct - cos ωct.
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
QPSK Phasor and Constellation Diagrams
Phasor Diagram Constellation Diagram
10

cos(
ct) 
cos(
ct)

• •
10 11 10 11

 
sin(
ct)  
sin(
ct)  
sin(
ct)  
sin(
ct)

00
01 00
• • 01

 
cos(
ct)  
cos(
ct)
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
QPSK truth table
Binary Input Output Phase
Q I
0 0 -135°
0 1 -45°
1 0 135°
1 1 45°
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
QPSK Bandwidth Considerations (fN)
 fb  fb
fN  2  
 4 2
where: fN = double-sided Nyquist bandwidth
fb = input bit rate
 
 
M-ary Encoding (for M=4)
N = log2 M
N = 2 (for M = 4)
 
where: N = number of input bits
M = number of output conditions possible
with N bits

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