Is translation as a process or a product ?

1. The act or an instance of translating

• It relates to translation as process. It focuses on the role of

the translator in taking the original or source text and
turning it into a text in another language.

2. A written or spoken expression of the meaning

of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language
• It relates to the product. It centers on the concrete
translation product produced by the translator.

The concise oxford english dictionary

Roman Jakobson’s Typology
1. Intralingual translation
Translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or
paraphrase.
Example : Football / Soccer & Mummy / Mommy
• Police Man : There has been an accident agead, Madam.. I’m afraid you
wiil have to turn left at St. Mary’s lane here, the road is blocked.
• Jill : Oh, OK thanks
• Jack : What did he say.
• Jill : We’ve got to turn left
 2. Interlingual translation
Translation from one language to another

2. Interlingual translation
Translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign
Example :
The area of translation
1. The process of transferring a written
text from SL to TL, conducted by a
translator or translator, in specific-
cultural context.
2. The written product, or Target Text,
which result from that process and
which functions in the socio-cultural
context of the TL
3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual,
cultural, and ideological phenomena
which are an integral part of 1 and 2
Translation Studies
Includes :
• Equivalence between items in Source Language and Target
Language
• The notion of translatability

Translation are divided into

• Pure ‘Translation Studies’
Encompasses descriptive studies of existing translations
and general and partial translation theories
• Aplied Studies
covering translator training, translator aids, and
translation criticism
General Laws of translation
The law of growing standardization- target text generally display
linguistic variation than the source texts

The bigger the textual unit, the more

the translation of that unit conforms
to the standards of the target culture.
(thus “growing standardization”)

The law of interference-common source text lexical and syntatic

patterns tend to be copied, creating unusual patterns in the target
text
The more prestigious the source
culture, the closer translation will be
to the source text (hence greater
“inference”)