HEAT TREATMENT

oC

didinginkan
KOMPOSISI KIMIA-STRUKTUR MIKRO-SIFAT MEKANIK

struktur
mikro

Carbon steel
sifat mekanik

strength
hardness

2
KOMPOSISI KIMIA-STRUKTUR MIKRO-SIFAT MEKANIK

struktur
mikro

Carbon steel
sifat mekanik

C tetap

hardness
berbeda

3
KOMPOSISI KIMIA-STRUKTUR MIKRO-SIFAT MEKANIK

4
PLAIN CARBON STEEL

AISI-SAE C Mn
1006 0.08 max. 0.25-0.40
AISI - SAE 1010 0.08-0.13 0.30-0.60
1015 0.13-0.18 0.30-0.60
1020 0.18-0.23 0.30-0.60
10XX 1025
1030
0.22-0.28
0.28-0.34
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
1035 0.32-0.38 0.60-0.90
1040 0.37-0.44 0.60-0.90
1045 0.43-0.50 0.60-0.90
1050 0.48-0.55 0.60-0.90
1055 0.50-0.60 0.60-0.90
Carbon content (%w) 1065 0.60-0.70 0.60-0.90
1070 0.65-0.75 0-60-0.90
1075 0.70-0.80 0.40-0.70
Plain Carbon 1080 0.75-0.88 0.60-0.90
1085 0.80-0.93 0.70-1.00
1090 0.85-0.98 0.60-0.90
1095 0.90-1.03 0.30-0.50
P, 0.040 max; S,0.05 max.

5
PLAIN CARBON STEEL

EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON CARBON STEEL

0-1% manganese:
reacts with sulfur, to produce MnS soft inclusions
increased yield strength

0-0.05% sulfur:
if insufficient manganese, sulfur will react with
iron at grain boundaries, cracking during working

0-0.04% phosphorous:
forms brittle Fe3P compound

0-0.03% silicon:
forms silicate inclusions (SiO2) but has little effect
on properties

6
ALLOY STEEL

Hardenability Strength Toughness Machinability

Boron Carbon Calcium Manganese
Carbon Cobalt Cerium Phosphorus
Chromium Chromium Chromium Selenium
Manganese Copper Magnesium Sulfur
Molybdenum Manganese Molybdenum Tellurium
Phosphorus Molybdenum Nickel
Titanium Nickel Niobium
Niobium Tantalum
Phosphorus Tellurium
Silicon Vanadium
Tantalum Zirconium
Tungsten
Vanadium

7
ALLOY STEEL

AISI - SAE

AB XX

Carbon
content (%w)

Alloy group

8
ALLOY STEEL

9
ALLOY STEEL

10
ALLOY STEEL

Tool Steel
SHOCK RESISTING
S-SERIES
COLD WORK
0-SERIES
HOT WORK
D-SERIES
H-SERIES
A-SERIES
TOOL W-SERIES
STEEL
SPECIAL PURPOSE
MOLD
L-SERIES
P-SERIES
F-SERIES

HIGH SPEED
M-SERIES
T-SERIES

11
ALLOY STEEL

Tool Steel

Tool Steel Type Prefix Specific Types

Cold Work W = Water Hardening W1, W2, W5
O = Oil Hardening O1, O2, O6, O7
A = Medium alloy Air Hardening A2, A4, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11
D = High Carbon, High Chromium D2, D3, D4, D5, D7

Shock Resisting S S1, S2, S4, S5, S6, S7

Hot Work H H10-H19 Chromium types

H20-H39 Tungsten types
H40-H59 Molybdenum types

High Speed M Molybdenum types (M1, M2, M3-1, M3-2,

M4, M6, M7, M10, M33, M34, M36, M41,
M42, M46, M50

T Tungsten types (T1, T4, T5, T6, T8, T15)

Mold Steels P P6, P20, P21

Special Purpose L and F series L2, L6

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ALLOY STEEL

Tool Steel

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ALLOY STEEL

Tool Steels

14
ALLOY STEEL

Stainless Steel

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ALLOY STEEL

Stainless Steel

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HEAT TREATMENT
Why do we heat treat?
• to relieve stresses (i.e. from cold working)
• to increase softness, ductility and toughness
• and/or to produce a specific microstructure

Why is it important to understand

thermal processing in metal alloys?
• Because it can produce mechanical properties
required for specific applications.
• Because the mechanical properties of an alloy that
has been heat treated can be altered significantly if
it is reheated.

22
Annealing Processes

Annealing refers to a heat treatment with the following stages:

1. Heat to the desired temperature.
2. Hold or "soak" tit that temperature to allow for
any necessary transformation reactions to occur.
3. Cool, usually to room temperature.

Heating and cooling time is important

• Poor control can lead to temperature gradients
throughout part.
• Temperature gradients can induce internal
stresses that may lead to to warping and
cracking.
23
Annealing of Ferrous Alloys
Several different annealing procedures for steels
Normalizing
• Used for plastically deformed steels.
• Used to refine large grains of pearlite.
• Cooled in air.

Full Annealing
• Used for low or medium carbon steels that will be machined
plastically deformed
• Furnace turned off, both steel and furnace cool together.
• Result: Course Pearlite, Soft and ductile.
Spheroidizing
• Used for medium and high carbon steels that have coarse
pearlite that may still be ton hard to machine or deform.
• Heated just below eutectoid (700oC) for 15-25 hours.
• Coalescence of Fe3C to form spheroid particles
24
Heat Treatment of Steel
Normalizing, Full Annealing & Spheroidizing

25
Heat Treatment of Steel
Normalizing, Full Annealing & Spheroidizing

26
Heat Treatment of Steel
Normalizing & Annealing

27
 Heat Treatment of Steel
Spheroidizing
Hypereutectoid steels consist of pearlite and cementite. The cementite forms a brittle network
around the pearlite. This presents difficulty in machining the hypereutectoid steels. To improve the
machinability of the annealed hypereutectoid steel spheroidize annealing is applied.

http://education.sptech.xyz/annealing.html 28
 Heat Treatment of Steel
Spheroidizing
This process will produce a spheroidal or globular form of a carbide in a ferritic matrix which makes
the machining easy. Prolonged time at the elevated temperature will completely break up the
pearlitic structure and cementite network. The structure is called spheroidite. This structure is
desirable when minimum hardness, maximum ductility and maximum machinability are required.

(a) a medium-carbon low-alloy steel after soft annealing at 720C

(b) a high-speed steel annealed at 820C.
Low carbon steels are seldom spheroidized for machining, because they are excessively soft and
gummy in the spheoridized conditions. The cutting tool will tend to push the material rather than
cut it, causing excessive heat and wear on the cutting tip.
http://education.sptech.xyz/annealing.html 29
Heat Treatment of Steel
Stress Relieving
reduce the internal residual stresses in a workpiece without intentionally changing its
structure and mechanical properties.

Causes of Residual Stresses

1. Thermal factors (e.g., thermal stresses caused by temperature gradients within
the workpiece during heating or cooling)
2. Mechanical factors (e.g., cold-working)
3. Metallurgical factors (e.g., transformation of the microstructure)

For plain carbon and low-alloy steels the temperature to which the specimen is heated is usually
between 450 and 650˚C, whereas for hot-working tool steels and high-speed steels it is between
600 and 750˚C. This treatment will not cause any phase changes, but recrystallization may take
place.

30
Heat Treatment of Steel
Stress Relieving

Higher temperatures and longer

times of annealing may reduce
residual stresses to lower levels

31
Heat Treatment of Steel
Stress Relieving

The residual stress level after stress-relief annealing will be maintained only if the cool down
from the annealing temperature is controlled and slow enough that no new internal stresses
arise.

New stresses that may be induced during cooling depend on the

1. cooling rate,
2. cross-sectional size of the workpiece, and
3. composition of the steel

32
Heat Treatment of Steel

Hardening

1. Austenitize
Heat to a temperature region where 100% austenite is formed
Hold to allow complete transformation

2. Quench (normally use water or oil)

3. Temper
Reheat to 200-500oC
Decrease hardness, regain ductility

33
Heat Treatment of Steel Hardening

1. Austenitize
2. Quench

34
Diagram Fe-Fe3C & Transformasi Fasa
Equilibrium: laju transformasi (pendinginan) lambat

35
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
FERRITE (a)
Tensile 40,000 psi
Strength
Elongation 40 % in 2 in gage
length
Hardness Less than
Rockwell C 0 or
austenite (g)
less than
Rockwell B 90.

ferrite (a)

Cementite (Fe3C)
pearlite (a + Fe3C)

It is also known as (a) alpha-iron, which is an interstitial solid solution of a small amount of
carbon dissolved in iron with a Body Centered Cubic (B.C.C.) crystal structure. It is the
softest structure on the iron-iron carbide diagram.
36
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
FERRITE (a)

ferrite grain boundary

37
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
FERRITE  FERRITE+CEMENTITE

38
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
FERRITE  FERRITE+CEMENTITE

39
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
AUSTENITE (g)
Tensile 150,000 psi
Strength
Elongation 10 % in 2 in gage
length
Hardness Rockwell C 40
austenite (g)

ferrite (a)

Cementite (Fe3C)
pearlite (a + Fe3C)

It is also known as (g ) gamma-iron, which is an interstitial solid solution of carbon dissolved

in iron with a face centered cubic crystal (F.C.C) structure. Austenite is normally unstable at
room temperature. Under certain conditions it is possible to obtain austenite at room
temperature. 40
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
CEMENTITE Fe3C
Cementite is also known as
iron carbide which has a
chemical formula, Fe3C.

It contains 6.67 % carbon

by weight. austenite (g)

It is a typical hard and

brittle interstitial compound

ferrite (a)

Cementite (Fe3C)
of low tensile strength
(approximately 5,000 psi)
but high compressive
strength.

Its crystal structure is

orthorhombic. pearlite (a + Fe3C)

41
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
PEARLITE (a+Fe3C)
Tensile 120,000 psi
Strength
Elongation 20 % in 2 in gage
length
Hardness Rockwell C 20 or
BHN 250-300 austenite (g)

ferrite (a)

Cementite (Fe3C)
pearlite (a + Fe3C)

It is the eutectoid mixture containing 0.83% carbon and is formed at 1333oF (723oC) on very
slow cooling. It is very fine platelike or lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite. The
structure of pearlite includes a white matrix (ferritic background) which includes thin plates of
cementite.
42
PEARLITE (a+Fe3C)

animasi

43
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
AUSTENITE  PEARLITE
Austenite

EUTECTOID

44
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
AUSTENITE  PEARLITE

0.76 %w C
g
6.67 %w C

% w carbon

Fe3C
a 0.02 %w C

volume 1
fraction 7
8 8

45
 Diagram & Transformasi Fasa
AUSTENITE  PEARLITE

46
EUTECTOID STEEL

When alloy of eutectoid composition

(0.76 wt % C) is cooled slowly it fornis a
lamellar or layered structure of a and
cementite (Fe3C). This structure is called
pearlite.

Mechanically, pearlite has properties

intermediate to soft, ductile fertile and
hard, brittle cementite.

properties properties
PROPERTIES OF of of
MIXTURE A & B phase B phase B

 AB  f A  A + f B  B
volume fraction volume fraction
of phase A of phase B
47
EUTECTOID STEEL

The layers of alternating phases in The dark areas are Fe3C layers, the
pearlite are formed for the same light phases is a-ferrite.
reason as layered structure of
eutectic phases:

redistribution C atoms between ferrite (0.022wt%)

and cementite (6.7 wt%) by atomic diffusion.
48
HYPOEUTECTOID STEEL

49
HYPOEUTECTOID STEEL

animasi

50
HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL

51
HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL
animasi

52
Transformasi Fasa
Non-equilibrium: laju pendinginan cepat

53
Continuous Cooling Transformation CCT Diagram

eutectoid

eutectoid
temperature slow cooling
rate

fast cooling rate

54
Continuous Cooling Transformation CCT Diagram
eutectoid

Transformation start
TURUN slow cooling rate

fast cooling rate

55
CCT Diagram

hypoeutectoid eutectoid hypereutectoid

56
Continuous Cooling Transformation

animasi

57
CCT Diagram
AISI 4340 Steel

0.4%C, 0.7%Mn,
1.8%Ni, 0.8%Cr,
0.25%Mo,

58
Cooling Rate vs Hardness

59
Martensite vs Pearlite

60
Isothermal Transformation
TTT Diagram

61
Isothermal Transformation
TTT Diagram
AISI 4340 Steel

0.4%C, 0.7%Mn,
1.8%Ni, 0.8%Cr,
0.25%Mo,

62
Isothermal Transformation
TTT Diagram
animasi

63
Eutectoid Steel
TTT vs CCT

TTT

CCT

64
AISI 4340 Steel

TTT Diagram CCT Diagram

65
Heat Treatment of Steel
Conventional Heat, Quench and Temper Process
In this process, Austenite is transformed to
Martensite as a result of rapid quench from
furnace to room temperature. Then,
martensite is heated to a temperature which
gives the desired hardness.

One serious drawback is the possibility of

distorting and cracking the metal as a result of
severe quenching required to form Martensite
without transforming any of the austenite to
pearlite.

During quenching process, the outer area is cooled quicker than the center. Thinner parts are
cooled faster than parts with greater cross-sectional areas. What this means is that
transformations of the Austenite are proceeding at different rates. As the metal cools, it also
contracts and its microstructure occupies less volume.

Extreme variations in size of metal parts complicate the work of the heat treater and should be
avoided in the designing of metal parts. This means there is a limit to the overall size of parts that
can be subjected to such thermal processing.
66
Heat Treatment of Steel
Distorting & Cracking

Formation of quench cracks caused by residual stresses produced during

quenching. The figure illustrates the development of stresses as the austenite
transforms to martensite during cooling.

67
Heat Treatment of Steel
Martempering (Marquenching)

To overcome the restrictions of

conventional quenching and
tempering , Martempering process
can be used.
Martempering or marquenching
permits the transformation of
Austenite to Martensite to take place
at the same time throughout the
structure of the metal part.

By using interrupted quench, the cooling is stopped at a point above the martensite
transformation region to allow sufficient time for the center to cool to the same temperature as
the surface. Then cooling is continued through the martensite region, followed by the usual
tempering.

68
Heat Treatment of Steel
Austempering
This is the second method that can be used to
overcome the restrictions of conventional
quench and tempering.

The quench is interrupted at a higher

temperature than for Martempering to allow
the metal at the center of the part to reach the
same temperature as the surface.

By maintaining that temperature, both the

center and the surface are allowed to transform
to Bainite and are then cooled to room
temperature.

In Austempering process, the end product is 100% bainite. It is accomplished by first heating the
part to the properr austenitizing temperature followed by cooling rapidly in a slat bath which is
maintained between 400 and 800 oF.

The part is left in the bath until the transformation to bainite is complete. The steel is caused to
go directly from austenite to bainite.
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