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KAVOSHCOM
Waveguiding Structures
A wave guiding structure is one that carries a signal
(or power) from one point to another.
2
Transmission Line
Properties
Has two conductors running parallel
Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
Becomes lossy at high frequency
Can handle low or moderate amounts of power
Does not have signal distortion, unless there is loss
May or may not be immune to interference
Does not have Ez or Hz components of the fields (TEMz)
Twin lead
Coaxial cable (coax) (shown connected to a 4:1
impedance-transforming balun)
3
Transmission Line (cont.)
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
The two wires of the transmission line are twisted to reduce interference and
radiation from discontinuities.
4
Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines commonly met on printed-circuit boards
w
er
h
er h w
Microstrip Stripline
w w w
er h er h
5
Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines are commonly met on printed-circuit boards.
Microstrip line
6
Fiber-Optic Guide
Properties
Uses a dielectric rod
Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
Can be made very low loss
Has minimal signal distortion
Very immune to interference
Not suitable for high power
Has both Ez and Hz components of the fields
7
Fiber-Optic Guide (cont.)
Two types of fiber-optic guides:
1) Single-mode fiber
Carries a single mode, as with the mode on a
transmission line or waveguide. Requires the fiber
diameter to be small relative to a wavelength.
2) Multi-mode fiber
Has a fiber diameter that is large relative to a
wavelength. It operates on the principle of total internal
reflection (critical angle effect).
8
Fiber-Optic Guide (cont.)
Higher index core region
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
9
Waveguides
Properties
Has a single hollow metal pipe
Can propagate a signal only at high frequency: > c
The width must be at least one-half of a wavelength
Has signal distortion, even in the lossless case
Immune to interference
Can handle large amounts of power
Has low loss (compared with a transmission line)
Has either Ez or Hz component of the fields (TMz or TEz)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism) 10
Transmission-Line Theory
11
Transmission Line
2 conductors
4 per-unit-length parameters:
C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]
R = resistance/length [/m] Dz
G = conductance/length [ /m or S/m] 12
Transmission Line (cont.)
i z, t
B x x x +++++++
----------
v z, t
Dz
+ +
- -
z
13
Transmission Line (cont.)
i(z,t) RDz LDz i(z+Dz,t)
+ +
- -
z
i ( z, t )
v( z , t ) v( z Dz , t ) i ( z , t ) RDz LDz
t
v( z Dz , t )
i ( z , t ) i ( z Dz , t ) v( z Dz , t ) GDz C Dz
t
14
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Hence
v( z Dz , t ) v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
Dz t
i ( z Dz , t ) i ( z , t ) v( z Dz , t )
Gv( z Dz , t ) C
Dz t
Now let Dz 0:
v i
Ri L
z t “Telegrapher’s
Equations”
i v
Gv C
z t
15
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
To combine these, take the derivative of the first one with
respect to z:
v2
i i
R L
z 2
z z t Switch the
order of the
i i derivatives.
R L
z t z
v
R Gv C
t
v v2
L G C
t t 2
16
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
v
2
v v v 2
R Gv C L G C
z 2
t t t 2
Hence, we have:
v
2
v v
2
RG v ( RC LG) LC 0
z 2
t t
2
17
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Time-Harmonic Waves:
v 2
v v
2
RG v ( RC LG) LC 0
z 2
t t
2
2
dV
RG V ( RC LG ) jV LC ( )V 0
2
2
dz
18
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
2
dV
RG V j ( RC LG )V LC V
2
2
dz
Note that
Z R j L = series impedance/length
2
dV
Then we can write: ( ZY )V
2
dz
19
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
2
ZY dV
( )V
2 2
Let Then
2
dz
Solution: V ( z ) Ae Be
z z
( R j L)(G jC )
1/ 2
Convention:
z z e j /2
principal square root
j attenuation contant
0, 0 phase constant
20
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Forward travelling wave (a wave traveling in the positive z direction):
V ( z ) V0 e z V0 e z e j z
v ( z , t ) Re V0 e z e j z e jt
Re V 0
e j e z e j z e
jt
2
g
t 0
g
z Hence:
V e0
2
z
g
21
Phase Velocity
Track the velocity of a fixed point on the wave (a point of constant phase), e.g., the
crest.
vp (phase velocity)
v ( z, t ) V0 e z cos(t z )
22
Phase Velocity (cont.)
Set t z constant
dz
0
dt
dz
dt
In expanded form:
Hence v
p
v
p
Im ( R j L)(G jC )
1/ 2
23
Characteristic Impedance Z0
I+ (z)
+
V+(z)
- z
V ( z)
Z0
I ( z)
V0
V ( z ) V0 e z so Z0
I0
I ( z ) I 0 e z
(Z0 is a number, not a function of z.)
24
Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)
v i
Ri L
z t
dV
so RI j LI
dz
ZI
Hence V0 e
z z
ZI 0 e
25
Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)
V0 Z Z
1/2
Using
Z R j L
Y G jC
1/2
We have R j L
Z0
G j C
Note: The principal branch of the square root is chosen, so that Re (Z0) > 0.
26
General Case (Waves in Both Directions)
V z V0 e z V0 e z
j z j z j
V e e
0
e V e e z e j z
0
wave in +z
wave in -z
direction
Note: direction
v z, t Re V z e jt
V0 e z cos t z
V0 e z cos t z
27
Backward-Traveling Wave
I - (z)
+
V -(z)
- z
V ( z) V ( z)
Z0 so Z0
I ( z)
I ( z)
Note: The reference directions for voltage and current are the same as
for the forward wave.
28
General Case
I (z)
+
V (z)
- z
29
Summary of Basic TL formulas
I(z)
+ V(z)
-
z
V z V e
0
z z
V e
0
V0 z V0 z
I z e e
Z0 Z0 guided wavelength g
j R j L G jC
1
2
2
g m
R j L
1
2
Z0
G j C
phase velocity vp
vp [m/s]
30
Lossless Case
R 0, G 0
j ( R j L)(G j C )
1/ 2
j LC
0
so vp
LC
1/2
R j L L 1
Z0 Z0 vp
G jC C LC
(real and indep. of freq.) (indep. of freq.)
31
Lossless Case (cont.)
1
vp
LC
In the medium between the two conductors is homogeneous (uniform)
and is characterized by (e, ), then we have that
1
The speed of light in a dielectric medium is cd
e
Where do we assign z = 0?
I(z)
What if we know + V(z)
ZL
-
V and V @ z z
Can we use z = - l as z=0
a reference plane?
V z V e z V e z
34
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Terminating impedance (load)
I(z)
+ V(z)
ZL
-
z
z=0
Compare:
V z V 0 e z V 0 e z
V z V e z ( )
V e z ( )
I(z)
+ V(z)
What is V(-l )? ZL
-
z
V V0e V0e z=0
propagating propagating
forwards backwards
V0 V0
I e e
Z0 Z0 l distance away from load
36
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
I(-l )
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Total volt. at distance l
from the load
V
2
V V0 e V0e
V0 e 1 e
0
V0
Ampl. of volt. wave prop.
towards load, at the load Ampl. of volt. wave prop. L Load reflection coefficient
position (z = 0). away from load, at the
load position (z = 0). l Reflection coefficient at z = - l
V0 e 1 L e 2
Similarly,
V0
I e 1 L e2
Z0 37
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
I(-l )
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Z
V V0e 1 e
L
2
V0
I e 1 L e 2
Z0
V Z 1 Le2
Z 0
I 1 L e 2
1 L Z L Z0
Z 0 Z0 ZL L
1 L Z L Z0
1 L e2
Recall Z Z0 2
1 L e
Thus, Z L Z 0 2
1 e
Z L Z0
Z Z0
Z Z 2
1 L 0
e
Z L Z0
39
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Simplifying, we have
Z L Z 0 2
1 e
Z Z0 L
Z Z 0 Z Z Z Z Z e 2
0
L 0 L 0
Z Z 2 Z Z Z Z e 2
1 L L 0 L 0
e
0
Z L Z0
Z L Z 0 e Z L Z 0 e
Z 0
Z L Z0 e Z L Z0 e
Z cosh Z 0 sinh
Z 0 L
Z 0 cosh Z L sinh
Hence, we have
Z L Z 0 tanh
Z Z 0
Z 0 Z L tanh
40
Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
j j
V V0e j 1 eL
2 j
Impedance is periodic
e 1 L e2 j with period g/2
V j
I 0
Z0
tan repeats when
1 L e2 j
Z Z0 2 j
1 Le
2
Z L jZ 0 tan g
Z Z 0
Z 0 jZ L tan
g / 2
Note: tanh tanh j j tan
41
Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
For the remainder of our transmission line discussion we will assume that the
transmission line is lossless.
I(-l )
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Z
V V0 e j 1 e
L
2 j
Z L Z0
V0 j
L
I e 1 L e 2 j Z L Z0
Z0
2
g
Z
V Z 1 L e2 j
I 0 1 L e2 j
Z jZ 0 tan vp
Z 0 L
Z 0 jZ L tan 42
Matched Load
I(-l )
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Z
Z L Z0
L 0
Z L Z0
No reflection from the load
V V0 e j
V0 j Z Z0
I e
Z0 For any l 43
Short-Circuit Load
B Short circuit load: (ZL = 0)
0 Z0
L 1 Z0 ,
0 Z0
Z jZ 0 tan l
Note: 2
g Always imaginary! Z jX sc
XSC X sc Z0 tan
inductive
/ g
0 1/4 1/2 3/4
45
Example
d
I(-l)
+ ZTH
+
VTH Z0 V(-l) ZL
- -
l
Zin
Z L jZ 0 tan d
Z in Z d Z 0
Z 0 jZ L tan d + ZTH
+
VTH V(-d) Zin
Zin -
V d VTH
in
Z ZTH
46
Example (cont.)
Note: V V 0
e j
1 e L
2 j
Z L Z0
L
Z L Z0
At l = d :
Zin
V d V e
0
j d
1 e L
j 2 d
VTH Z Z
in TH
Zin j d 1
V VTH e j 2 d
Zin ZTH 1 Le
0
Hence
Zin j d 1 L e j 2
V VTH e j 2 d
Z m ZTH 1 Le
47
Example (cont.)
1 L e j 2 d
Some algebra: Zin Z d Z0 j 2 d
1 L e
1 L e j 2 d
Z 0 1 L e j 2 d
Z0
Z in 1 L e j 2 d
Z in ZTH 1 L e j 2 d Z 0 1 L e j 2 d ZTH 1 L e j 2 d
Z0 j 2 d
ZTH
1 L e
Z 0 1 L e j 2 d
ZTH Z 0 L e j 2 d Z 0 ZTH
Z0
1 L e j 2 d
TH
Z Z 0 Z ZTH
1 L e j 2 d 0
TH
Z Z 0
Z0
1 L e j 2 d
TH
Z Z 0 Z Z0
1 L e j 2 d TH
TH
Z Z 0
48
Example (cont.)
Hence, we have
Zin Z0 1 L e j 2 d
Zin ZTH Z 0 ZTH 1 S L e j 2 d
ZTH Z 0
where S
ZTH Z 0
Z0 j d 1 L e j 2
V VTH e j 2 d
Z0 ZTH 1
S L e
49
Example (cont.)
d
I(-l)
+ ZTH
+
VTH Z0 V(-l) ZL
- -
l
Zin
Z0 j d 1 L e j 2
V VTH e j 2 d
Z0 ZTH 1
S L e
50
Example (cont.)
d
+ ZTH
VTH Z0 ZL
-
1 L e j 2 d L e j 2 d S
Z0
V d VTH L e S L e L e S Le S
j 2 d j 2 d j 2 d j 2 d
Z 0 ZTH
51
Example (cont.)
1 L e j 2 d L e j 2 d S
Z0
V d VTH L e S L e j 2 d L e j 2 d S L e j 2 d S
j 2 d
Z 0 ZTH
1 e j 2 d e j 2 d 2
L S L S
Z0
V d VTH e j 2 d
1 e j 2 d
e
j 2 d 2
Z 0 ZTH
L L S L S
Geometric series:
1
zn 1 z z2
n 0
1 z
, z 1 z L S e j 2 d
52
Example (cont.)
Hence
1
j 2 d
Z0 1 L s e
V d VTH
Z 0 ZTH e j 2 d 1
j 2 d
1 Lse
L
or
Z 0 1 L e j 2 d
V d VTH j 2 d
0
Z Z TH 1
L s e
53
Quarter-Wave Transformer
so
2
Z Hence
Zin 0T
Z 0T Z 0 Z L
1/2
ZL
54
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
I(-l )
V V0 e j 1 e
L
2 j
Z0 ,
+
V(-l ) ZL
V e 0
j
1 e e
L
jL 2 j
-
l
V V0 1 L e jL e j 2 1+ L
V ( z)
1 V0
Vmax V0 1 L 1- L
Vmin V0 1 L Dz / 2
z
z0
Vmax
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio VSWR
Vmin
1 L
VSWR
1 L 55