Community Nursing Care:

Women and Men Health

DEDY PURWITO
Introduction

According to the latest WHO data published in 2018 life expectancy

in Indonesia is:
 Female 71.4
 Male 67.3,

total life expectancy is 69.3

Top 10 issues on woman health

1. Cancer 6. Violence against woman

2. Reproductive health 7. Mental health
3. Maternal health 8. NCDs
4. HIV 9. Being young
5. STIs 10. Getting older
Cancer

 Two of the most common cancers affecting women are breast and
cervical cancers.
 Detecting both these cancers early is key to keeping women alive
and healthy.
 The latest global figures show that around half a million women die
from cervical cancer and half a million from breast cancer each
year.
Cancer

 The vast majority of these deaths occur in low and middle income
countries where screening, prevention and treatment are almost
non-existent, and where vaccination against human papilloma
virus needs to take hold.
Reproductive Health

 Sexual and reproductive health problems are responsible for one

third of health issues for women between the ages of 15 and 44
years.
 Unsafe sex is a major risk factor – particularly among women and
girls in developing countries.
Maternal Health

 Many women are now benefitting from massive improvements in

care during pregnancy and childbirth introduced in the last
century.
 But those benefits do not extend everywhere and in 2013, almost
300 000 women died from complications in pregnancy and
childbirth.
 Most of these deaths could have been prevented, had access to
family planning and to some quite basic services been in place.
HIV

 Three decades into the AIDS epidemic, it is young women who

bear the brunt of new HIV infections.
 Too many young women still struggle to protect themselves against
sexual transmission of HIV and to get the treatment they require.
 This also leaves them particularly vulnerable to tuberculosis - one of
the leading causes of death in low-income countries of women 20–
59 years.
Sexually Transmitted Iinfections

 Importance protect against HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV)

infection (the world’s most common STI).
 But it is also vital to do a better job of preventing and treating
diseases like gonorrhoea, chlamydia and syphilis.
 Untreated syphilis is responsible for more than 200,000 stillbirths and
early fetal deaths every year, and for the deaths of over 90 000
newborns.
Violence Against Women

 Women can be subject to a range of different forms of violence,

but physical and sexual violence – either by a partner or someone
else – is particularly invidious.

 Today, one in three women under 50 has experienced physical

and/or sexual violence by a partner, or non-partner sexual violence
– violence which affects their physical and mental health in the
short and long-term.
Violence Against Women

 It’s important for health workers to be alert to violence so they can

help prevent it, as well as provide support to people who
experience it.
Mental Health

 Evidence suggests that women are more prone than men to

experience anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints – physical
symptoms that cannot be explained medically.
 Depression is the most common mental health problem for women
and suicide a leading cause of death for women under 60.
 Helping sensitize women to mental health issues, and giving them
the confidence to seek assistance, is vital.
Non Communicable Diseases

 In 2012, some 4.7 million women died from non communicable

diseases before they reached the age of 70 —most of them in low-
and middle-income countries.
 They died as a result of road traffic accidents, harmful use of
tobacco, abuse of alcohol, drugs and substances, and obesity --
more than 50% of women are overweight in Europe and the
Americas.
 Helping girls and women adopt healthy lifestyles early on is key to a
long and healthy life.
Being Young

 Adolescent girls face a number of sexual and reproductive health

challenges: STIs, HIV, and pregnancy.
 About 13 million adolescent girls (under 20) give birth every year.
 Complications from those pregnancies and childbirth are a
leading cause of death for those young mothers.
 Many suffer the consequences of unsafe abortion.
Getting Older

 Having often worked in the home, older women may have fewer
pensions and benefits, less access to health care and social
services than their male counterparts.
 Combine the greater risk of poverty with other conditions of old
age, like dementia, and older women also have a higher risk of
abuse and generally, poor health.
Top 10 issues on man health

1. Heart disease 6. Diabetes

2. Cancers 7. Influenza and pneumonia
3. Injuries 8. Suicide
4. Stroke (cerebrovascular 9. Kidney disease
accident, CVA) 10. Alzheimer's disease
5. Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Heart disease

 Heart disease refers to conditions that involve the heart, its vessels,
muscles, valves, or internal electric pathways responsible for
muscular contraction.
 Common heart disease conditions include:
 Coronary artery disease
 Heart failure
 Cardiomyopathy

 Heart valve disease

 Arrhythmias
Cancers

Lung cancer
 the number one killer among cancers in men, and most are
preventable.
 Smoking causes 90% of all lung cancers
 It is harder to stop smoking than it is to stop many other
addictions; nicotinein tobacco is a very addictive drug.
Cancers

Prostate cancer
 The most common cancer among men, and is a disease of aging
and is rarely seen in men younger than 50 years of age.
 Often prostate cancer causes no symptoms and is diagnosed with
routine screening tests including a rectal examination to feel the
prostate and a PSA (prostate specific antigen) blood test.
Cancers

Colon and rectal cancers

 tie with prostate cancer as the second most common cause of
cancer deaths in men.
 There are few symptoms in the early stages of colon and rectal
cancers, thus the diagnosis is often made by routinely screening the
stool for occult blood (blood that is not visible to the naked eye but
can be found by testing the stool sample) and undergoing a
routine screening colonoscopy.
Cancers

Colon and rectal cancers

 Colon cancer can be nearly completely preventable with timely
colonoscopy screenings.
Cancers

Testicular cancer
 usually occurs in younger men (ages 15 to 39).
 Men can help detect this disease by doing a testicular exam
routinely and reporting any testicle abnormalities or symptoms
(lumps, swelling, pain) to their health care practitioner.
 Living a healthy lifestyle decreases the potential risk of
developing cancer.
 Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and avoiding toxins in
the environment (including smoking and secondhand
smoke) are positive lifestyle changes that the average
person can control during their lifetime.
Injuries

Accidents happen and the key to minimizing the risk of death is to use
common sense and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
 Simple actions like wearing a seatbelt while in a car, wearing a
helmet when cycling, skiing, skateboarding, or other activities
where head injuries occur help decrease risk of death in an
accident.
Injuries

 Driving while impaired on drugs or alcohol is never acceptable and

causes a dangerous situation not only for the driver but for those
around him.
Impairment driving includes not only alcohol but also medications
that can cause sedation, including over-the-counter cold
and sleep medications. I
t also includes driving when tired or sleepy.
Many authorities on impaired drivers consider texting and cell
phone use impaired driving.
Injuries

 Most accidents happen around the house and

routine prevention can help decrease those accidents.
Easy fixes include making sure that floors aren't slippery
or wet, stair railings are secure, and walks and
driveways are well maintained and well lit at night.
Smoke and carbon monoxide detectors can only work
if their batteries are fresh.
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident, CVA)

 cerebrovascular accident [CVA]), occurs when blood supply to

part of the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die.
 Blood flow can be compromised by a variety of mechanisms.
 This can occur because blood supply has been cut off (ischemia)
or because there has been bleeding in the brain (hemorrhage).
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident, CVA)

 Ischemic strokes occur due to a variety of reasons including the

gradual narrowing of a blood vessel in the brain, debris that can
break off from the carotid artery in the neck, or from a blood clot
that embolizes (or travels) from the heart.

 The risk factors for stroke are the same as for heart disease:
smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and family history.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

 Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two types of chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and both are most
commonly caused by smoking.
 Due to the toxins in smoke, the lung tissue is damaged and loses its
ability to transfer oxygen from the inhaled air into the blood
stream.
 Symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath
and wheezing. COPD increases the risk of lung infection
including pneumonia.
Diabetes

 The pancreas makes insulin to help cells use glucose for energy.
 Diabetes describes the situation where insulin function in the body is
abnormal.
 Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in people younger than 40 where
the body's immune system destroys the insulin producing cells in
the pancreas.
 Ninety to 95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes

 Poorly controlled diabetes increases blood sugar levels in the

bloodstream and in the long-term, affects the small blood vessels in
the body, which can lead to multi-organ failure.
 Poorly controlled diabetes can cause vascular disease leading to
heart attacks, strokes, limb amputations, kidney failure, blindness,
and nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy).
 Diabetes prevention and control include eating a well
balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and routinely
exercising, and keeping active.
Influenza and pneumonia

 A healthy lifestyle and healthy body makes for a strong immune

system that can fight common infections like influenza (flu).
 It is important to follow public health recommendations for routine
immunizations to reduce the risk of contracting the flu, and its
complications such as pneumonia.
 However, pneumonia is not limited to just viral causes. Bacterial
pneumonia is ranked with influenza as one of the major causes of
death in men by many researchers.
Suicide

 Depression can become overwhelming and potentially

life-threatening.
 Men with depression may be able to function
reasonably well on a day to day basis and may be
reluctant to seek help.
 It may take a crisis situation to finally get a man to
agree to get medical, psychological, and counseling
assistance.
Suicide

Symptoms of depression may be subtle and arise slowly. They can

include:
 difficulty concentrating or completing projects
 lack of energy
 difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much
 change in appetite (some people stop eating while others
overeat)
Suicide

 feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness

 excessive sadness or feelings of emptiness
 thoughts of suicide or self harm
Kidney disease

 The kidneys filter impurities from the blood and dispose

of them in the urine.
 They are also important in maintaining electrolyte
balance in the blood.
 Even in healthy people, aging gradually decreases the
efficiency of kidney function.
 Kidney failure is often a result of years of poorly
controlled high blood pressure and diabetes.
Alzheimer's disease

 Dementia and Alzheimer's disease describes a gradual loss of

cognition and intellectual ability including language, attention,
memory, and problem solving is an otherwise healthy person.
 The cause is unknown and there is no cure.
 Recommendations to decrease the risk of dementia include
avoiding smoking, and keeping blood pressure, high cholesterol,
and diabetes under control.
Alzheimer's disease

 Physical and mental fitness may help prevent dementia; keeping

socially active may also help.
 Recurrent head injuries are associated with dementia.
 Alzheimer's disease and dementia are not direct causes of death,
but they make it more difficult to identify and treat complications
that can lead to death.
end