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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Anglo-Eastern
Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
Maritime Academy
ajit / Tr Sup (Engg) 29/06/12 1
© 2010
Contents
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Governor classification U Tube Video on Diesel Engine Governors
A. Classification of Speed Governors as per the control media used
B. Classification of Speed Governors as per the functions they carry out
C. Classification of Speed Governors as per the speed setting arrangement
– Second level
Speed droop (Permanent) , Feed back
Speed droop (Transient) , Compensation
Woodward governor nomenclature SG, UG8, UG40, PG200, PGA200 etc.
• Third level
Controls on Woodward UG8
Speed droop Knob, Synchronizer Knob, Load limit Knob, Synchronizer indicator Knob
Woodward UG 8 Internals
– Fourth level
UG 8 Governor Operation
Load Reduction 1
» Fifth level
Load Reduction 2
Load Reduction 3
Load Increase 1
Load Increase 2
Load Increase 3
Initial set up & Adjustments of Governor
Speed droop & Steady state speed regulation
Isochronous Governor
Droop and its relation to load division
Methods of speed setting
The A/E governor
The M/E governor
Equilibrium position of governor flyweights and balancing of forces
Speeder Spring rate and its effect on governor stability
Over speed governor & Speed regulating governor spring rate selection
conical or trumphet shaped spring as the SPEEDER SPRING
Some important features & terms in governors Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
ajit / Tr Sup (Engg) 29/06/12 2
© 2010
Index
1. Regulating governors
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They are constantly positioning the fuel rack at all speeds.
Two kinds of regulating governors are possible,
– Second level
Constant speed Where the set speed of the governor cannot be altered.
Variable speed Where the set speed can be varied to control load.
• Third level
2. Speed limiting governors
Which act only to keep speed within the normal range, not allowing over speeding or under
– Fourth level
speeding.
They are not»acting
Fifth when speed is in normal range.
level
These type of governors are found in vehicle engines.
1. Lever type
• Lever
Click to edit
type governor is one Master text
in which the speed settingstyles
is carried out by a lever which
adjusts the speeder spring tension.
– Second level
2. Dial type
• Third level
Dial type governor is one in which the speed setting is done by turning a dial on the
governor.
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
A centrifugal governor can be dead weight type also called gravity controlled, in which the gravity force is
what acts against the centrifugal force. Watt governors fall in this category, Porter and Proell are of same
type with some modifications. These governors are inherently stable.
The centrifugal governor that is used today is of Hartnell type where the gravity force is replaced by spring
force. The spring rate can be varied as necessary and the spring rate decides the stability of the governor.
Linear or non linear springs (trumpet / conical) can be used.
Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
ajit / Tr Sup (Engg) 29/06/12 6
© 2010
Index
Draw Backs
Torque output low, depends on flyweight size
Large flyweights required to reduce static friction effects
Large flyweights leads to
inertia effects
low rpm, less sensitive
Speed droop inherent
Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
ajit / Tr Sup (Engg) 29/06/12 7
© 2010
Index
Advantages
Output no longer linked to fly weight size
Smaller flyweight size lead to
no inertia effects
higher rpm, more sensitive
Drawbacks
Over sensitive
Will hunt
Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
ajit / Tr Sup (Engg) 29/06/12 8
© 2010
Index
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
– Second level
UG - Universal Governor Governors with Adjustable compensation & Adjustable droop. Can operate
isochronously or with droop. Has attached pump and sump.
• Third level
PG - Pressure compensating hydraulic Governor No adjustment of droop or compensation. Has limited
compensation. – Fourth level
» Fifth level
PGA - PG + Air speed setting PGA/EG - PGA + Electric Actuator PGA/TL - PGA + Torque Limiter
The number "8/40/200" indicates the maximum torque that the terminal shaft can apply, called the "stalling
work capacity". It is the torque specified in "foot pounds".
Woodward UG8 Specs Rated for drive from 375 to 1500 rpm on drive shaft. Ratio of 1 : 2.2.
2.
Load is decreased and speed
increases
As speed increases, FLY BALLS move
out raising SPEEDER ROD and inner
end of FLOATING LEVER, thus raising
PILOT PLUNGER and uncovering
• Click to edit Master text styles REGULATING PORT in PILOT VALVE
BUSHING
Initial adjustments after setting up, or after overhauling, oil change (air bleeding).
Then the lever is put to minimum and the needle valve closed gradually till hunting stops. If hunting
doesn't stop at all till full closing of the needle valve, the compensating lever can be raised by two
graduations and then procedure repeated. The needle valve should be ideally open from closed
position only by about 3/4 th turn, maximum.
If the needle valve is closed more than needed, slow return to normal speed will result following a
load change. If the compensation lever is moved more towards maximum than needed, excessive
speed change upon load change will result.
Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
ajit / Tr Sup (Engg) 29/06/12 21
© 2010
Index
Speed droop is the drop in rpm that occurs as with full travel of the power piston, expressed as a
percentage of full load rpm.
Steady state speed regulation is percentage change in speed from no load to full load expressed as a
• Click to edit Master text styles
percentage of the full load rpm. If N1 (720, 60 Hz for 10 poles) is the no load rpm and N2 (690, 57.5
Hz for 10 poles) the full load rpm, then speed droop is (N1 - N2)/ N2 * 100. (4.3%).
– Second level
The term steady state speed regulation is mostly used to mean the same as speed droop. It does
mean the same as speed droop, when the fuel rack and governor linkage is such that, full travel of
• Third level
governor power piston occurs as the engine goes from no load to full load.
– Fourth level
Supposing only 50 % of the governor terminal shaft movement is utilized for the engine to change from
theFifth
no load to full load and » level
governor is set to speed droop of 4 %, then in this case the steady state
speed regulation is only 2 %.
It is generally reccommeded that only about 2/3 rds of the power piston travel is utilized for full load /
speed range of the engine. In such a case speed droop and steady state regulation would be different.
A governor which maintains a steady speed at the set value irrespective of load changes is called an
– Fourth
Isochronous operation level
is obtained if speed droop is set to zero.
» Fifth level
Supposing the system is running initially with load L1 on both machines and at an rpm of r1. When
additional load in imposed, the system rpm has to drop since droop is there in both machines. If the
system rpm drops to r2, the corresponding load changes will have to follow the curves. It can be seen
that Engine 1 having lower droop will take up more load than the other.
Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
ajit / Tr Sup (Engg) 29/06/12 24
© 2010
Index
•Manual
Clickturn ofto
knobedit Master
which adjusts text
speeder spring styles
directly.(A/E governor).
– Second level
Turning the speed set mechanism by an electric reversible motor from remote. (A/E governor).
• Third level
Remote speed set pneumatic signal, through a pneumatic positioner controlling the speed set lever.
(lever type governor)
– Fourth level
Remote speed set pneumatic signal acting on the speeder spring directly through the pneumatic /
Fifth
» into
hydraulic positioner built thelevel
governor.
It is a constant speed governor, within a narrow range, speed variation is possible for synchronizing of
• Click to edit Master text styles
alternators.
– Second level
Speed droop setting is needed since generators have to run in parallel. If stable division of load is to be
achieved, isochronous operation is not possible.
• Third level
The remote speed setting is by an electric motor driving the speeder spring setting mechanism.
– the
The power output of Fourth level
governor is less since the engine is small.
» Fifth level
The generator governor should be able to maintain engine speed during load changes as laid out by
rules. (see below)
• Third level
The remote speed setting is pneumatic, either through a positioner with a lever type governor or by
pneumatic / hydraulic built in arrangement. Being used on large engines, the power output is higher and
an amplifier is used–inFourth
case thelevel
power output is not sufficient to move the rack.
» Fifth
Scavenge air pressure fuel limiter level
This system senses the scavenge air pressure from the scavenge air box and releases fuel as a
function of the scavenge air pressure. This ensures no more fuel than that which can burn fully is
released, which ensures proper combustion during load increase.
The reversible attached oil pump The attached oil pump of the governor has to be having an
arrangement to deliver oil irrespective of the running direction, for reversible main engines.
– Second level
5. Boost air to governor (Booster)
6. Pre set air to governor
7. False scavenge air pressure to governor
• Third level
(Cancellation of scavenge air pressure fuel limiter )
8. Hydraulic Amplifier
– Fourth level
In a mechanical hydraulic governor, the dead band effects are reduced by,
» Fifth level
1. A conical speeder spring
2. Having the flyweights rotate at a higher rpm than the engine, which increases sensitivity.
3. Reducing static friction effects by rotating the pilot valve bushing.