Steam Turbine, Theory and Operation

Presented by

Stewart Eley

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Safe Harbor Disclosure

Some of the information contained in this document contains "forward-looking statements".

In many cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may,"
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or "continue," or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. These
forward-looking statements are only predictions and as such inherently included risks and
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such statements. These forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this
presentation, and D-R undertakes no obligation to update or revise the forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All forward-
looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by the "Risk Factors" and other
cautionary statements included in D-R's annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy
statements and other public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and other
factors not known to D-R. Your decision to remain and receive the information about to be
presented to you shall constitute your unconditional acceptance to the foregoing.

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Confidential & Proprietary

Any person allowing themselves to directly or indirectly receive the information contained in
this presentation (the "Receiver") agrees that this presentation and all information contained
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 ®

AN INTRODUCTION

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HISTORY

While Dresser-Rand is relatively new, the

company’s roots can be traced back to 1840

The history of Dresser-Rand is really the combined

heritage and experience of the most recognized
and respected names in the energy industry –
Clark, Ingersoll-Rand, McGraw-Edison, Moore,
Terry, Turbodyne, and Worthington. Because over
the years, these are the companies that merged
and joined together to form Dresser-Rand.

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2008
Dresser-Rand acquires certain assets of
Peter Brotherhood

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Brotherhood Factory, 2005

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The 1st steam turbine

TURBINE

Designed by Hero in 200 BC

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•© 2001 by Dresser-Rand
TURBINE

“ A ROTARY ENGINE IN WHICH THE

KINETIC ENERGY OF A FLUID IS
CONVERTED TO MECHANICAL ENERGY
BY CAUSING A BLADED ROTOR TO
ROTATE”

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Safety Moment
Inherent dangers when operating Turbines,
 High Temperatures, 420C
 High Pressures, 60 bar
 High Speeds, 13,000 rpm. Tip Speed 1633 km/hr

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 TURBINE

11

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1. Things That Turn (Rotating Element)
2. Things That Don’t (Static Elements)
3. Things to Keep them Apart (Lubrication)
4. Things to Stop it Breaking (Controls)

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Turbine Operation

Keep It Clean
Right Parts
Right Time
Right Person

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Typical Multi stage Turbine
Cross Section

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•© 2003 by Dresser-Rand
 Nozzles & Blades from Inlet to Exhaust

Exhaust

Inlet

The specific steam volume increases as pressures and temperatures are

decreasing along the shaft from inlet to the exhaust. The exhaust volume flow
can exceed 1,000 times the original inlet volume flow. Nozzle and blade sizes
are affected the same way but not in the same proportion!

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Component Identification
1. Rotating Element

 Shaft, (one piece or assembly)

 Blades / Shroud
 Thrust Collar
 Overspeed Trip

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Turbine Major Components, (Rotating Elements)

Blades

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 Blades

Milled blades
Stock drawn to
foil shape blades

Twisted blades

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Blade and blade shape
Head of
tenon Shroud

Tenon

Foil shape

Blade shape

Wheel

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Shrouds

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•© 2001 by Dresser-Rand 20
Failed Shrouds

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•© 2001 by Dresser-Ra

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Blades and Blades Shape

Shroud

Blade

Inverted
Christmas tree

Wheel

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•© 2001 by Dresser-Rand
Damping Wires

Wire

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•© 2001 by Dresser-Rand
Damping wires

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•© 2001 by Dresser-Rand
“Water” Erosion on Blades

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Turbine Major Components, (Rotating Elements)

Thrust Collar

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Component Identification
1. Rotating Element, all components assembled

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Overspeed Trip
Shaft Assembly

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Component Identification
2. Static Element

 Nozzle Box / Nozzles

 Steam Chest, (Sentinel valve)
 Diaphragms, Interstage Seals
 Exhaust Casing
 Bearings

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Turbine Major Components (Stationary Elements)
Nozzle Box / Steam Chest

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31

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Diaphragm before cutting

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Diaphragm mounting

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Diaphragms Fitted to Steam Chest

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 Section Through Steam Turbine Bladeing
Nozzles & blades from inlet to exhaust

Inlet

Exhaust

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Steam Path through Bladeing

Nozzle Wheel

Steam inlet

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 Steam Path through Bladeing

Wheel
Wheel
Nozzle

Diaphragm

Steam inlet

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•© 2001 by Dresser-Rand
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Component Identification
2. Static Element

 ESV. (emergency stop valve)

 Control Valve/s
 Steam Seals
 Bearings

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Turbine Major Components (Stationary Elements)

CSEV

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Combined Stop
and Emergency
Valve
Steam
Inlet

Steam
Outlet

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 Gimple Valve

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Turbine Major Components (Stationary Elements)
Throttle Valve (s)

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Gland at Steam End

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 Principle of Turbine Offset-Halves Journal Bearing

Hydro-dynamic
Wedge

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Radial Tilting Pad Bearing

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View of Turbine Thrust Bearing

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Bearing Installation

 Shaft Size
 Housing Size
 Oil Features
 Bed
 Clearance
 “Nip”

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Component Identification
3, Lubrication

 Oil Tank
 Oil Pump Main
 Oil Pump Auxiliary
 Pressure relief Valve
 Oil Filter
 Oil Cooler

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Positive Displacement Oil Pump

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Principle of Positive Displacement Pump
(delivery proportional to speed)

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Oil Pressure Regulating Valve (Control Oil and Lubricating Oil)

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Component Identification
4, Controls

 Speed Governor
 Emergency Stop Valve
 Solenoid Valve
 Temperature (steam, oil)
 Pressure (Steam, oil)
 Vibration

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Systems Interface
Start
Mechanical
Valve Position, reset?

Exhaust
Pressure

Steam
Pressure & Temp

Oil
Pressure

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 Ballhead Speed Balance

Pivot

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Basic Turbine
Speed
Governor

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Relayed Speed Governor

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Single Stage Turbine

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Single Stage Steam Turbine

Exhaust

Shaft / Rotor

Steam Chest

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Inlet
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Single Stage Steam Turbine
Blades
Exhaust

Wheel

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Inlet
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Single Stage Steam Turbine

Exhaust

Steam
Seals

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Inlet
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Single Stage Steam Turbine

Exhaust

Bearings

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Inlet
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Single Stage Steam Turbine
Sentinel
Exhaust valve

Governor

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Inlet
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Single Stage Steam Turbine

Exhaust

Throttle / Stop
valve

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Inlet
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Turbine Operation

Keep It Clean
Right Parts
Right Time
Right Person

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Turbine Operation
 Keep It Clean
Oil, Steam & Water

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 Keep it Clean

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Turbine Operation
Before starting, Check;
 Oil, Level and Condition
 For Leaks, Steam, Oil and Water
 Steam Drains are Open
 Exhaust Line is Open

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Turbine Operation
Starting;
Reset and test, emergency stop valve.

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 Turbine Operation
Open stop valve slightly,
allow a Small amount of steam into the machine.

The Turbine should be heated thoroughly

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Turbine Operation

Drain valves should be left open until

all water is expelled

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Turbine Operation

All the safety systems of a turbine should be

The overspeed trip should operate
checked
at, 10%toofprove them to be
the running effective.
speed.

Results should be recorded.

The machine should never be
allowed to run at more then 15% of
the designed running speed.

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Effects of Steam Contamination on
Throttle Valve

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Effect of Damaged Throttle Valve on
Turbine

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!

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 ®

www.dresser-rand.com
info@dresser-rand.com

© Copyright 2008