Introduction to subject

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The subject of Engineering Mechanics is that branch
of Applied Science, which deals with the laws and
principles of Mechanics, along with their applications
to engineering problems.
 DIVISIONS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The subject of Engineering Mechanics may be
divided into the following two main groups:
1. Statics, and 2. Dynamics.
 STATICS
 It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals
with the forces and their effects, while acting upon the
bodies at rest.
 DYNAMICS
 It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals
with the forces and their effects, while acting upon the
bodies in motion.
The subject of Dynamics may be further sub-divided into
the following two branches :
1. Kinetics, and 2. Kinematics.
 KINETICS
 It is the branch of Dynamics, which deals with the
bodies in motion due to the application of forces.
 KINEMATICS
 It is that branch of Dynamics, which deals with the
bodies in motion, without any reference to the forces
which are responsible for the motion.
TYPES OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
 Load bearing structure
 Framed structure
 Composite structure
LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
 A load-bearing structure is any structure in which wall’s
bear all loads resting upon it by conducting its weight and
ultimately transfer the loads to ground through
its foundation. Normally used in low height structures
which involves less overall load as a whole resting upon its
walls. The materials most often used to construct load-
bearing walls brick or concrete blocks.
 Depending on the type of building and the number of
floors, thickness of the load-bearing walls are decided.
 Here the walls play a dual role of taking loads and
protecting the inhabitants. The walls are generally brick or
stone.
 Since the walls take the load they cannot be moved or
removed
Advantages of Structural Walls
 1.Load bearing walls reduce interstorey distortions due to
earthquake-induced motions and reduce the likelihood of
damage to the nonstructural element’s of building.
 2.Buildings stiffened by structural walls during earthquakes have
pointed to be consistently better performance than rigid-framed
buildings.
 3. The performance of buildings stiffened by properly design
structural walls has been better with respect to both safety and
damage control.
 4.A structure with structural walls, which is substantially stiffer
and hence has a shorter period than a structure with frames, will
suffer less lateral displacement than the frame structure, when
subjected to the same ground motion intensity.
 5.They are used to keep the lateral drift within reasonable limits
by resisting horizontal forces.
Disadvantages of structural walls
 1.) Floor height restriction.
 2.)Reduction in carpet area.
 3.)Required to provide foundation throughout the
length of load bearing wall.
 4.) Excavation cost is more.
 5.)Possible to construct only when hard surface is
available near the ground surface.
FRAMED STRUCTURE
 Components of framed building structure
This building has ground
floor, first floor, second
floor, and terrace floor.
The vertical elements are
the COLUMNS.
The horizontal bands are
the BEAMS
The flat surface on which
you can stand is the SLAB.
FRAMED STRUCTURE
 Components of framed building structure
Walls, windows are added
later to give protection to
inhabitants.
The loads such as human
beings, furniture etc is
carried by this frame.
The walls have no role
except protecting the
inhabitants from weather.
FRAMED STRUCTURE
This is a completed
building as a framed
building.

From the photo, you can

see the red color; brick
walls, grey color; - vertical
columns and beams.
Advantages of Frame Structures
 1.One of the best advantages of frame structures is
their ease in construction. it is very easy to teach the
labour at the construction site.
 2.Frame structures can be constructed rapidly.
 3.Economy is also very important factor in the design
of building systems. Frame structure are economical.
 4.Optimum use of floor space.
Disadvantages of Frames:
 1.In frames structures, span lengths are usually limited
when normal reinforced concrete. (generally less than
about 13 m, but up to about 15 m). Otherwise spans
greater than that can cause lateral deflections.
 2.Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral
deflections control the design process for buildings
with greater than about 4 stories
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
 The structure constructed with combination of both load
bearing as well as framed structure is called composite
structure. OR
 A structure made up of two or more different materials
assumed to be rigidly connected together and behaving like
a single piece is known as composite structure.
 It may be any combination of different types of structures
i.e.
1. load bearing walls and R.C.C. framed structure
2. load bearing walls and steel framed structure
3. R.C.C. framed structure and steel framed structure
4. steel framed structure and timber structure etc.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
 In this type of structure external walls are treated as
load bearing walls and all intermediate supports are in
the form of R.C.C. columns.
 Here the load of slabs is transmitted to the subsoil
below the ground by load bearing walls and columns
through foundations
 Composite structures are preferred for buildings
having large spans such as workshops , halls , large
factories shed , go downs etc.
 They been very remarkable for Huge or Tall buildings
around the world.