02.

Pirometallurgy

Metalurgi Umum

Oleh:
WAHAB, S.Si., M.T.
Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
FITK, UHO
INTRODUCTION
The term pyrometallurgy in chemical metallurgy refers to the use of high-
temperature reactions and process for the extraction and the refining of
metals.
The key parameters in pyrometallurgy are “Temperature” and “Enviroment”.
Benefits of high Temperatures:
a. Favorable chemical equilibria
b. High reaction rates, and
c. Possibility producing the metal in molten or gaseous states which facilitates its
ready separation from other reaction products.
 Enviroments: air, reducing gas mixtures, reactive atmospeheres containing the
halogens, inert gases or even vacuum.
HISTORY
• Around 4000 B.C. Man learned to produce copper and bronze by
smelting of copper and tin ores in a charcoal fire.
• Extractive metallurgy were developed by trial and error.
• Knowledge of smelter (blacksmith) passed on from father to son.
• More of new process developments were the result of
• A blacksmith is a person who
accidents.
creates objects from wroughts
iron or steel by forging the
metal; that is, by using tools to
hammer, bend, and cut.
BLACKSMITH
HISTORY OF IRONMAKING
The origin on first smelting of iron is unknown
The fisrt evidence of iron was found in pyramid, Egypt
Prehistory iron was probably meteoric iron, contains 5-26% Nickel
(metal from heaven)
EARLY SMELTING HOLE IN
MEDITERRANEAN
Smelting hole was lined with
stones as well as mud

In Modern Furnaec:
Smelting hole = Furnace
lining
In Modern Furnaec:
Stone + Mud =
Refractory
COPPER MATTE MAKING AND
CONVERTING, 15 CENTURY
TH

IN JAPAN
Copper ore was first roasted with charcoal
and air blast
Roasted ore was melted in a hearth adding
pyrite and flux to form matte and slag
Melt product was solidified by water spray
Solid matte is transferred to another
hearth, converting process is started by top
blow lance.
CHARCOAL FURNACE FROM
1600S
FURNACE

Cahrcoal furnace from

1600s Electric Furnace, 1867
ENERGY SOURCE FOR
PYROMETALLURGYCAL
PROCESS
Chemical energy: combustion of gases, fuel oil, coal/coke
Electrical energy: resistance, induction, arc heating, microwave
ELECTRICAL FURNACE
ELECTRICAL FURNACE
SLAG-METAL/MATTE
INTERACTION
Activities of slag
components
Viscosity

Density
Surface tension

Thermal and
electrical
Slag conductivity

Metal/matte
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!
Wahab, S.Si, MT.
Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Universitas Halu Oleo
Jl. H.E.A. Mokodompit
Kendari
INDONESIA

Telefon : +62(0)852 4193 1125

E-Mail : wahab151289@gmail.com