(Present, past, future and past

pfuture)perfect tense
Present perfect
 Fungsi tenses present perfect
1. Menunjukkan suatu pengalaman
I think I have seen the movie before
2. Menunjukkan suatu perubahan
Your English has really improved since You studied at
America
3. Menunjukkan suatu pencapaian
My Daughter has learned how to read
4. Menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang belum selesai
I’m so worry, my boy has still not arrived from school.
5. Menunjukkan beberapa kejadian dalam waktu yang
berbeda
I have seen several doctor for my illness
 Rumus Present Perfect
Bentuk Contoh Kalimat
Tense
· I/You/We/They · They have lived in Jakarta for a long
Positif
+ have + verb 3 time
(+)
· He/She/It + has + verb 3 · He has learned English for one year
· I/You/We/They · They have not lived in Jakarta for a
Negatif + have + not + verb 3 long time
(-) · He/She/It + has + not + · He has not learned English for one
verb 3 year
· Have + I/You/We/They · Have they lived in Jakarta for a long
Interogatif
+ verb 3? time?
(?)
· Has + He/She/It + verb 3? · Has he learned English for one year?
Kalimat Verbal
Catatan: Present Perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb “have / has” dan past participle (verb-3).
Has digunakan untuk subjek (She, He, It) dan have digunakan untuk subjek (I, you, we, they) .
Sedangkan past participle yang digunakan dapat berupa irregular atau regular verb.
Rumus Present Perfect untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan kalimat tanya.
1. Kalimat Positif
S + have / has + Past participle
Contoh : She has worked in the hospital for six years
I have fixed my computer
2. Kalimat Negatif
S + have / has + not + Past participle
Contoh : She hasn’t worked in the hospital.
I have not fixed my computer.
3. Kalimat Tanya
Have / has + S + Past participle
Contoh : Has she worked in the hospital for six years?
Have I fixed my computer?
Kalimat Nominal
Catatan : Untuk kata ganti orang ketiga seperti (I, you, We, They) maka kita menggunakan Have. Namun
untuk kata ganti orang ketiga seperti (She, He) maka kita menggunakan Has.
Rumus Present Perfect untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan kalimat tanya.
1. Kalimat Positif
S + has / have + been + O
Contoh : Brandon has been recovered from illness
We have been back from office
2. Kalimat Negatif
S + has / have + not + been + O
Contoh: Brandon has not been recovered from illness
We have not been back from office
3. Kalimat Tanya
has / have + S + been + O
Contoh : Has Brandon been recovered from illness?
Have we been back from office?
Berbeda dengan active voice – simple present tense yang main verb-nya
berupa verb-1 (pada contoh tulisan sebelumnya: simple present tense), main
verb pada passive voice – simple present tense berupa past participle (verb-3).
Past participle ditemani oleh auxiliary verb is/am/are disesuaikan
dengan subject pada passive voice (= object pada active voice) agar
memenuhi subject-verb agreement. Is digunakan pada singular
subject kecuali you dan I; are pada plural subject dan you; sementara am pada I.
Jika ada modal verb (seperti: can, should, may), past participle di dahului
oleh auxiliary verb “be”.
Berikut rumus passive voice dalam simple present tense dan modal verb:
Active Voice Passive Voice

S (direct object) + is/am/are +

S + verb-1 + direct object
past participle +/- by … (agent)

S + modal + bare infinitive + direct S (direct object) + modal + be +

object past participle +/- by … (agent)
Agent pada passive voice merupakan subject pada active voice. Pada passive
voice, subjectbertindak sebagai penerima aksi, sedangkan agent sebagai pelaku aksi.
Rumus di atas berlaku untuk transitive verb, dimana memang kata kerja tersebut yang
umum dipasifkan. Kalimat dengan intransitive verb mungkin dapat dipasifkan jika
memiliki prepositional phrase.
Subject pada passive voice merupakan object of preposition pada active voice.

Active Voice Passive Voice

S (object of preposition)
S + verb-1int + preposition + + is/am/are + past
object of preposition participle + preposition
+/- by … (agent)
 Active Voice Passive Voice
Dark chocolate should
Pregnant women should
be eaten regularly by
eat dark chocolate
pregnant women.
regularly.
(Coklat hitam
(Wanita hamil seharusnya
seharusnya dimakan
makan coklat hitam secara
secara teratur oleh
teratur.)
wanita hamil.)
People make books from Books are made from
trees. trees.
(Orang membuat buku dari (Buku dibuat dari
pohon.) pohon.)
I am treated like a
My parents treat me like a
baby by my parents .
baby.
(Saya diperlakukan
(Orang tua memperlakukan
seperti bayi oleh orang
saya seperti bayi.)
tua.)
You can use the photos for The photos can be
free. used for free.
(Kamu bisa menggunakan (Foto-foto tersebut
goto-foto tersebut secara dapat digunakan secara
gratis.) gratis.)
The right side of the
He often sleeps on the
bed is often slept on by
right side of the bed.
him.
(Dia selalu tidur di sisi
(Sisi kanan tempat tidur
kanan tempat tidur.)
sering ditiduri olehnya.)
Past future
 Rumus Past Perfect Tense Contoh Past Perfect Tense

My brother had slept

kalimat positif (+):
S + had + past participle (V-3)
They had come

My brother hadn’t slept

kalimat negatif (-):
S + had + not + past participle (V-3)
They hadn’t come

Had my brother slept

kalimat interogatif (?):
had + S + past participle (V-3)
Had they come
 No Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan aksi di masa lampau yang telah selesai terjadi sebelum past event lainnya. Subordinate
conjunction yang dapat digunakan antara lain:
•after (simple past tense + after + past perfect tense)
•before, by the time, when (past perfect tense + before / by the time / when + simple past tense)
Selain subordinate conjunction, dapat juga digunakan preposition prior to dan before(sebelum) yang merupakan sinonim.

When he came last night, the cake had run out.

1 (Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.)

The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were called.
(Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan verbal sebelum orangtuanya ditelepon.)

I had already eaten breakfast by the time he picked me up.

(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)

Prior to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized by Japan for 3 years.
(Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah dijajah Jepang selama 3 tahun.)

Past perfect tense untuk menunjukkan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi di masa lampau. Time expression (keterangan waktu) yang sering
digunakan yaitu frasa adverbial of number. Berikut beberapa contohnya.
•twice / two times / three times + before + simple past tense / participle (phrase): twice before getting married (dua kali sebelum
menikah), two times before they got married (dua kali sebelum mereka menikah), three times before I read his review (tiga kali sebelum
saya membaca tinjauannya)
•every day / every two days / every other day until 2012 (setiap hari / setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012)
•every summer until 2000 (setiap musim panas hingga tahun 2000)
2

I had read the book three times before I read his review.
(Saya telah membaca buku itu tiga kali sebelum saya membaca ulasannya.)

They had met twice before married.

(Mereka bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.)

Yulia had been to the gym every two days until 2012.
(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012.)
 Past perfect tense digunakan pada reported speech setelah verb
•said
•told
•asked
•thought
3 •wondered
He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan penuh perhatian.)
I thought he had changed to be better man.
(Saya pikir dia telah berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.)
Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan harapan atau impian yang tidak kesampaian melalui conditional sentence tipe 3.
Rumus conditional sentence tipe 3:
if + past perfect tense + would/should/could/might + have + past participle
4 If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
(Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.)
Rina would been the same level with me if she had studied harder.
(Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika dia belajar lebih keras.)
 Bentuk passive past perfect

Passive voice dalam simple past tense dibentuk oleh auxiliary verb was/were dan past participle.
Subject pada passive voice merupakan object pada active voice dengan was untuk singular subject (subjek tunggal)
kecuali you, sedangkan were untuk plural subject (subjek jamak) dan you.
Berikut rumus passive voice dalam simple past tense:

Active Voice Passive Voice

S (direct object) + was/were + past
S + verb-2 + direct object
participle +/- by … (agent)
Agent pada passive voice merupakan subject pada active voice. Pada passive
voice, subjectbertindak sebagai penerima aksi, sedangkan agent sebagai pelaku
aksi.
Rumus di atas berlaku untuk transitive verb. Bagaimana dengan intransitive verb?
Kalimat dengan intransitive verb mungkin dapat dipasifkan jika
memiliki prepositional phrase.
Lihat:
Passive Voice pada Intransitive Verb
Subject pada passive voice merupakan object of preposition pada active voice
Active Voice Passive Voice
S (object of preposition) +
S + verb-2int + preposition was/were + past participle
+ object of preposition + preposition +/- by …
(agent)
Future perfect tenses
Berikut
Rumusrumus future perfectPerfect
Future tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif,
Contoh Future dan interogatif.
Perfect
Tense Tense

kalimat positif (+): The students will have

S + will + have + past come
participle (verb-3) Meri will have eaten

kalimat negatif (-): The students will not

S + will + not + have + have come
past participle (verb-3) Meri won’t have eaten

kalimat interogatif (?): Will the students have

will + S + have + past come
participle (verb-3) Will Meri have eaten
 No Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas yang akan sudah selesai atau terjadi sebelum aktivitas lain dilakukan di
masa depan. Subordinate conjunction yang dapat digunakan sebagai time expression (keterangan waktu) antara lain:
•before, when (future perfect tense + before/when + simple present tense)

1
Fungsi
We will gather on the road at 8. We will have gone when you comedanat 9.Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Tense
(Kami akan berkumpul di jalan jam 8. Kami akan telah pergi ketika kamu datang jam 9.)

Before he comes, the table will have been prepared.

(Sebelum dia datang, meja akan telah dipersiapkan.)
[passive future perfect tense]

Future perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi akan telah selesai pada suatu waktu di masa depan. Penanda waktu yang
dapat digunakan antara lain:
•at this time next week/month (pada waktu yang sama pada saat ini di minggu/bulan depan)
•by this time next week/month (selambat-lambatnya waktu yang sama pada saat ini di minggu/bulan depan)
•by next Sunday (tidak melebihi Minggu depan)
•by 9 (tidak melebihi pukul 9)
•tomorrow (besok)
•on the 15th of May (pada tanggal 15 bulan Mei)
•in 3 years time (dalam waktu tiga tahun)

2
At this time next month, I’ll have finished my driving course.
(Bulan depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan kursus mengemudi.)

By this time next week, we will have lived in this house for 2 years.
(Minggu depan, kita akan telah tinggal di rumah ini selama 2 tahun.)

The mechanic will have repaired my car tomorrow.

(Montir akan telah memperbaiki mobil saya besok.)

On the 15th of May it will have been two months since we met for the first time.
(Tanggal 15 Mei akan menjadi dua bulan sejak kita bertemu pertama kali.)
 Passive form
• Seperti active voice, main verb passive future perfect
tense juga berupa past participle (verb-3) dan diawali auxiliary verb “will”
dan “have”. Bedanya, passive future perfect tense mendapatkan
tambahan auxiliary verb, yaitu: been.
• Have digunakan untuk subject pada passive voice (= object pada active
voice) apapun, tidak terpengaruh gender (male/female) maupun number
(singular/plural) Adapun agent pada passive
voice merupakan subject pada active voice.
• Berikut rumus passive voice dalam future perfect tense:
• Active Voice:
• S + will have + past participle + direct object
• Passive Voice:
• S (direct object) + will have + been + past participle +/- by … (agent)
• Rumus di atas berlaku untuk transitive verb (kata kerja yang diikuti direct
object), dimana memang kata kerja tersebut yang umum dipasifkan.
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice – Future Perfect Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

By next month, the selection By next week,

panel will have
reviewed your application.
(Sebelum bulan depan, tim
seleksi akan telah meninjau
permohonanmu.)
your application will have
been reviewed.
(Sebelum bulan depan
permohonanmu akan
telah ditinjau.)

The students will have The exam will have been

completed the exam
before closing time.
(Siswa-siswa tersebut akan
telah menyelesaikan ujian
sebelum waktu habis.)
completed before
closing time.
(Ujian akan telah
diselesaikan sebelum
waktu habis.)

Much money will have

I will have saved much
been saved at this time
money at this time next year.
next year.
(Saya akan telah menyimpan
(Banyak uang akan telah
banyak uang tahun depan.)
disimpan tahun depan.)

We will have
The job will have been
finished the job by Saturday.
finished by Saturday.
(Kita akan telah
(Pekerjaan tersebut akan
menyelesaikan pekerjaan
telah selesai hari Sabtu.)
tersebut hari Sabtu.)
Past future tenses
 Rumus Past Future Contoh Past Future
Perfect Tense Perfect Tense
kalimat positif (+): She would have worked
S+
would/should/could/may/mi
ght/must + have + past They would have been
participle (verb-3)
kalimat negatif (-): She wouldn’t have worked
S+
would/should/could/may/mi
ght/must + not + have + They wouldn’t have been
past participle (verb-3)
kalimat interogatif (?): Would she have worked
would/should/could/may/mi
ght/must + S + have + past Would they have been
participle (verb-3)
 No Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense

Past future perfect tense (would) digunakan pada conditional sentence type 3 (kalimat pengandaian) untuk membicarakan sesuatu yang
tidak terjadi.

If you had saved your jewelry and foreign currency in a safety deposit box, they wouldn’t have gone.
(Jika kamu telah menyimpan perhiasan dan mata uang asingmu di safety deposit box, mereka tidak akan hilang.)

Past future perfect tense (should) digunakan ketika ingin membicarakan past event yang tidak terjadi tetapi seharusnya terjadi.

2
You should have received your refund by now.
(Kamu seharusnya sudah menerima pengembalian dana.)

Past future perfect tense (could) untuk membicarakan hal yang dapat dilakukan di masa lalu namun tidak dilakukan atau tidak berhasil
dilakukan.

3
I could have bought that car, but I prefered to save money and wait for the manual version.
(Saya dapat sudah membeli mobil itu, tapi saya pilih untuk menyimpan
uang dan menunggu versi manualnya.)

Past future perfect tense (may/might/could) untuk membicarakan kemungkinan di masa lampau.

4
The traveler looks far from happy. He may have waited for his flight for hours.
(Pelancong itu kelihatan jauh dari bahagia. Dia mungkin telah menunggu
penerbangannya selama berjam-jam.)
 Passive form
• S + Would Have Been + V3
Contoh pembuatan kalimat Passive Voice dalam bentuk positive :
Active :
I would have married her if i had become an engineer three years ago.
She would have asked me to stay in her house if she had known that I was here.

Apabila contoh kalimat Passive Voice diatas dirubah menjadi kalimat negative dan interrogative, maka
akan menjadi seperti berikut ini :
(-) She would not have been married by me if i had not become an engineer three years ago.
(-) I wouldn't have been asked by her to stay in her house if she hadn't known that i was here
(-) His signature wouldn't have been asked by us if we hadn't known that he was an actor
(?) Would She have been married by you if you had become an engineer three years ago?
(?) Would you have been asked by her to stay in her house if she had known that you were here?