CHAPTER 5:

W ATER AND SOLUTION

5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
WATER
Pure water :

•Colourless
•Odourless
•Tasteless

Physical characteristics:

•Boiling point = 100 ⁰C

•Freezing point = 0
•Density =1 g cm-3
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Water :
• High surface tension

Cohesive force: between the

molecules of water at the
surface

Adhesive force + cohesive force

= capillary action
5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Water composition:

• can be identified through

electrolysis
•Oxygen gas produced at the
anode
•Hydrogen gas produced at the
cathode
•Water molecule is made up of
two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Effect of impurities on the
melting point and boiling point
of water:

• salts lowers the melting point

of water and increases the
boiling point of water
•Taste, smell and colour also
can change in the presence of
impurities.
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Evaporation of water:

• Happens at the surface of

water that changes water to
water vapour.
•Occurs at any temperature

Humidity

Surrounding temperature

Exposed surface area of water

Movement of air
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Evaporation of water:

Humidity
• Dry air contains less water vapour and can hold more
water molecules that escape from the surface of water.
• The rate of evaporation of water increases
Surrounding temperature
• Increasing surrounding temperature making the water
molecules at the surface to gain more energy, move
faster and escape into the air easily.
• The rate of evaporation of water increases
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Evaporation of water:

Exposed surface area of water

• Larger surface exposed of water allows more water
molecules to escape
• The rate of evaporation of water increases
Movement of air
• Increasing movement of air sweeps away water vapour in
the air.
• High speed of wind causes the air at the surface of water
to dry.
• The rate of evaporation of water increases
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Applications of evaporation of water:

Large exposed surface Evaporation of sea water

areas
 5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER
Applications of evaporation of water:

Avoid microorganisms Blowing hot air

 5.2 SOLUTION AND RATE OF
SOLUBILITY
Solute, solvent and solution:

Solute : a Solvent : a liquid Solution : the

subtance that that dissovles a mixture formed
can dissolve in a subtances when a solute
liquid dissolves in
asolvent
 5.2 SOLUTION AND RATE OF
SOLUBILITY
Diluted solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution:

Diluted : less amount Concentrated : more Saturated: excess

of solute in the amount of solute in amount of solute in
solvent . Can dissolve the solvent. Can the solvent. Cannot
more solute dissolve less solute dissolve any more
solute and forem
precipitate