History of

Gender and
Gender and
Development
Interdisciplinary field of research and applied
study that implements a feminist approach to
understanding and addressing the disparate
impact that economic development and
globalization have on people based upon their
location, gender, class background, and other
socio-political identities.
Emphasizes efforts
towards
understanding how
multifaceted these
issues are in the
entangled context of
culture,
government, and
 Implements ethnographic
research that studies a
specific culture or group of
people that affect the
everyday life of targeted
groups or areas to
comprehensively
understand how
development policy and
practices affect the
everyday life of targeted
Development perspective
and process that is
participatory and
empowering, equitable,
sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of
human rights, supportive of
self-determination and
actualization of human
potentials.
-Philippine Commission
on Women
 The United Nations
Charter of 1945 and the
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights in 1948
established the first
official worldwide
recognition of women’s
equality and non-
discrimination on the
basis on sex.
 However, up until
the late 1960’s the
focus was on
women’s
reproductive roles,
as women were seen
as wives and
mothers.
Main Issues:

 Access to food
 Contraceptives
 Nutrition
 Health care
 The 70’s and 80’s
marked a new
phase
It moved beyond
women’s and
promoted the role of
women for
Important events:

First World Conference for

Women (Mexico, 1974)

UN decade for Women “76-

85”
Promotion of the Women In
Development (WID)
 Purpose:

The women’s
,
recognition of
in
national economies
and gave a to
women in developing
Shortcoming:
 Fell short of improving unequal
relationships and number of
significant number of projects
were unsustainable as
development projects failed to
consider the multiple roles
carried out by women
- one of the first
international
organizations to recognise
the need for Women In
Development, appointing
a WID Adviser in 1977.
In 1984, the bank
mandated that its
programs consider
women’s issues
In 1994, the bank
issued
a policy paper on
Gender and
Development,
reflecting current
The policy aims to
address policy and
institutional
constraints that
maintain disparities
between the gender
and thus limit the
effectiveness of
 In the late
80’s, Gender
and
Development
approach
was developed
To improve the
development model by
“removing disparities
in social, economic
and political balances
between women and
men.”
- GWA, 2006:11
Unlike WID, GAD
approach is not
concerned specifically
with women, but with
the way in which a
society assigns roles,
responsibilities and
expectations to both
men and women.
During 1990’s
Gender perspective is
still struggling to be
clearly set into the
development agenda of
international treaties
or objectives such as
Focuses on gender
equality and do not
concentrate enough
on women’s
centrality to other
development areas.
- Bunch, 2006
Socializatio
n
- is the process by which
social norms, roles and
expectations are learned
and internalized
Gender
Socializatio
n
- is the process by which
norms and expectations in
relation to gender are
learned by women and
Gender
stereotype
- a form of prejudgment,
bias or limitation given to
roles and expectations of
males and females
GENDER INVOLVES THE
DIFFERENTIATIONS
- It is attributed by a given
culture to women and men,
in the following aspects:
1.Social roles
2.Capacities
3.Traits and
characteristics
GENDER STEREOTYPES IN
SOCIAL ROLES
Me
n Provides financially for the family
 Works as managers, construction
builders, engineers
 Portrayed as leaders
Women
 Takes care of the house and
children
 Works as nurse, teacher, secretary
GENDER STEREOTYPES IN
CAPACITIES
Me
n Good in Math and Science
 Physically strong
 Firm decision-maker
Women
 Good in arts and less intellectual
pursuits
 Physically weaker and fragile
 Wishy-washy or fickle in decision-
making
GENDER STEREOTYPES IN
TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS

Me Women
n  Passive
 Active
 Aloof  Loving
 Aggressive  Peaceful
 Independen  Dependen
t t
 brave  Fearful
Activity:

MYTH OR
TRUTH
If a father does the household
work, he is considered as
“under the saya”
Activity:

MYTH OR
TRUTH
Men are better leaders and
administrators than women.
Activity:

MYTH OR
TRUTH
It is the woman’s fault if she is
being harassed sexually when
she is wearing skimpy clothing.
Activity:

MYTH OR
TRUTH
It is not proper for a girl to
say “I love you” first to a boy.
Activity:

MYTH OR
TRUTH
The mother should be the only
one responsible for child-rearing
and parenting.