Dr.

Muhammad Aqil
Lecture 4
Four main types of variables
I. The dependent variable
II. The independent variable (also known as the
predictor variable).
III. The moderating variable.
IV. The intervening variable.
V. Variables can be discrete (e.g., male/female)
or continuous (e.g., the age of an individual).
Exercise 4.1: A research study indicates that the better the
quality of the training programs in an organization and the
greater the growth needs of the employees (i.e., where the
need to develop and grow on the job is strong), the greater is
their willingness to learn new ways of doing things.
Exercise 4.2: Another research study indicates that the
willingness of the employees to learn new ways of doing
things is not influenced by the quality of the training pro-
grams offered by the organizations to all people without any
distinction. Only those with high growth needs seem to have
the yearning to learn to do new things through specialized
training.
Exercise 4.1 Analysis:
IV = quality of the training programs + growth
needs of the employees
DV= Willingness to Learn
Exercise 4.2:
IV = Quality of the training programs
DV= Willingness to Learn
MV = Growth needs of the employees
 Exercise 4.3: A manager finds that off-the-job classroom
training has a great impact on the productivity of the
employees in her department. However, she also observes
that employees over 60 years of age do not seem to derive
much benefit and do not improve with such training.
 Exercise 4.4: A visitor to a factory observes that the
workers in the packing department have to interact with
one another to get their jobs done. The more they
interact, the more they seem to tend to stay after hours
and go to the local pub together for a drink. However, the
women packers, even though they interact with the others
as much as the men, do not stay late, nor do they visit the
pub after work hours.
 List and label the variables in the following
situation, explain the relationships among the
variables, and diagram these.
 Failure to follow accounting principles causes
immense confusion, which in turn creates a
number of problems for the organization.
Those with vast experience in bookkeeping,
however, are able to avert the problems by
taking timely corrective action.
 Failure to follow accounting principles causes
immense confusion, which in turn creates a
number of problems for the organization. Those
with vast experience in bookkeeping, however,
are able to avert the problems by taking timely
corrective action.
 Failure to follow accounting principles = IV
 Creation of Problems = DV
 immense confusion = Intervening Variable
 Experience in Bookkeeping= Moderating
Variables
 List and label the variables in the following situation. Explain the
relation- ships among the variables and diagram them. What might
be the problem statement or problem definition for the situation?
 The manager of Haines Company observes that the morale of
employees in her company is low. She thinks that if their working
conditions are improved, pay scales raised, and the vacation
benefits made attractive, the morale will be boosted. She doubts,
however, if an increase of pay scales would raise the morale of all
employees. Her conjecture is that those that have supplemental
incomes will just not be ―turned on by higher pay, and only those
without side incomes will be happy with increased pay with
resultant boost of morale.
 An attempt to integrate all the information in
a logical manner, so that the factors
responsible for the problem can be
conceptualized and tested.
 A conceptual model of how one theorizes or
makes logical sense of the relationships
among the several factors that have been
identified as important to the problem.
 Identification of Variables
 Establishing Relationship b/w variables
 The established relationship b/w variables to
be supported by Literature Review if Possible
 A clear explanation of why we would expect
these relationships (Support from Literature
Review)
 Diagrammatical depiction
 With airline deregulation, there were price wars among the
various airlines that cut costs in different ways. According to
reports, Delta Airlines faced charges of air-safety violations
when there were several near collisions in midair, and one
accident that resulted in 137 deaths in 1987. Four important
factors that seem to have influenced these are poor
communication among the cockpit crew members
themselves, poor coordination between ground staff and
cockpit crew, minimal training given to the cockpit crew, and
management philosophy that encouraged a decentralized
structure. It would be nice to know if these factors did indeed
contribute to the safety violations, and if so, to what extent.
 Identification of Variables :
DV= safety violation
independent variables = (1) communication
among crew members,
(2) communication between ground control
and the cockpit crew,
(3) training received by the cockpit crew, and
(4) decentralization
Poor communication, poor coordination, and decentralization are likely to result in air-
safety violations only in such cases where the pilot in charge has had inadequate training.
 http://jisr.szabist.edu.pk/JISR-
MSSE/Publication/2018/16/1/530/Article/Auth
entic_Leadership_and_Job_Satisfaction.pdf