LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO
LOGISTICS
 A SYSTEM
A nucleus of elements structured in such a manner as to
accomplish a function (mission) to satisfy an identified
need.
Constitutes a complex combination of resources e.g.
hardware, software, people, facilities etc.
Categorized as natural, human-made, physical,
conceptual, static, dynamic, closed loop and open loop
systems.
Made up of both products and processes.
THE SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE
 The system life cycle includes the phases of
conceptual design, preliminary system design,
detail design and development, production/or
construction, utilization and support and
retirement and disposal.
 Figure 6 and 7

 Given that a system has been developed and in

use, the life cycle of that system of that system
may refer to the length of time that the system
will be in operational use.
THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT
The trends affecting the current environment:
 Constantly changing requirements

 More emphasis on systems

 Increasing system complexities

 Extended system life cycles

 Greater utilization of commercial off-the-shelf

 Increasing globalization

 More outsourcing

 Greater international competition

 Higher overall life-cycle costs.

THE SCOPE OF LOGISTICS
 Definition: “ that part of the supply chain process
that plans, implements, and controls the
efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and
storage of goods, services, and related
information between the point of origin and the
point of goods, services, and related information
between the point of origin and the point of
consumption in order to meet customer’s
requirements”.
 Logistics includes those activities dealing with
the initial acquisition of materials (purchasing,
materials flow, inventory control), the
distribution and installation of systems and their
components (packaging, transportation,
warehousing, installation of systems at customer
sites, customer services) and the sustaining
maintenance and support of systems throughout
their planned life cycles.
 Figure 2 and 3.

 Logistics in the context of the system life cycle

involve planning, analysis and design, testing,
production operations and the sustaining
maintenance and support of the system
throughout the utilization phase.
THE ELEMENTS OF LOGISTICS
 The basic elements of logistics are:
 Logistics and maintenance support planning
 Logistics, maintenance and support personnel
 Training and training support
 Supply support
 Computer resources
 Technical data, reports and documentation
 Maintenance and support facilities and utilities
 Packaging, handling, storage/warehousing and
transportation
 Test, measurement, handling and support
equipment
 Logistics information.

 Logistics activities are an integral part of each

and all phases of the system life cycle.
 Logistics are practiced in the business-oriented
commercial sector includes those activities
associated with the physical supply of materials,
the flow of materials in support of manufacturing
and production operations in the commercial
factory and the physical distribution of products
from the factory to the applicable customers
sites.
 Logistics as practiced in the defense sector has
included not only those commercially-related
activities identified in Figure2 but the sustaining
system maintenance and support activities in
Figure 3.
SUPPLY CHAIN
 Refers to a network of entities directly involved
in the upstream and downstream flow of
materials, products, services, finances and/or
information from a source of supply to the
customer.
 SCM pertains to the management of the supply
chain or a group of supply chains
 The activities illustrated I Figure 2 are
considered to be within the spectrum of the
supply chain.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
 Is the effective application of scientific and
engineering efforts to transform an operational
need into a defined system configuration through
the top-down process of requirements definition,
functional analysis and allocation, synthesis,
design optimization, test and evaluation.
PERFORMANCE-BASED LOGISTICS(PBL)
 Refers to the definition and establishment of
quantitative “design-to” factors, included within
the specification of top-down requirements for the
overall system which reflect the performance
capability desired for the design of the logistics
and maintenance support infrastructure.
 Logistics engineering includes those basic
engineering design-related activities that are
inherent within the overall system design and
development process
 The activities are highlighted in the 7 steps
identified on pages 17-20 and illustrated in Fig 9.
SUPPORTABILITY ANALYSIS
 Supportability pertains to those characteristics
(attributes) that should be incorporated within
the system design configuration in such a
manner as to ensure that the resultant product
can be effectively and efficiently supported
throughout its programmed life cycle.
 Supportability analysis is a process by which the
logistic support necessary for a new system is
identified and evaluated.
RELIABILITY
 Definition: The probability that a system or
product will perform in a satisfactory manner for
a given period of time when used under specified
operating conditions.
 Reliability determines the frequency of system
maintenance.
 It impacts logistic support from the standpoint of
frequency of maintenance.
MAINTAINABILITY

 Definition: Is a characteristics of design which

basically determines the degree of inherent
supportability in the system
 Maintainability impacts logistic support from the
standpoint of maintenance times, maintenance
labour hours and maintenance costs.
MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT
 Maintenance: All actions necessary for retaining
a system or product in, or restoring it to, a
serviceable condition
 Corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance

 Maintenance level

 Maintenance concept

 Maintenance plan

 Total Productive Maintenance

HUMAN FACTORS

 Impacts logistics from the standpoint of

personnel and training requirements and the
content of technical data procedures (operating
and maintenance instructions).
 Pertain to the human element of the system and
the interface between the human being, machine,
facilities and associated software.
PRODUCIBILITY

 Producibility is a measure of the relative ease

and economy of producing a system or a product.
The characteristics of design must be such that
an item can be produced easily and economically,
using conventional and flexible manufacturing
methods and processes without sacrificing
function, performance, effectiveness, or quality.
Simplicity and flexibility are the underlying
objectives.
 The design for producibility objectives include
designing the system and its components such
that they can be assembled/installed
economically and with relative ease.
DISPOSABILITY.

Disposability pertains the degree to which an item

can be recycled for some other use or disposed of
without causing any degradation to the
environment ; i.e., the generation of sold waste,
toxic substances (air pollution), water pollution,
noise pollution, radiation, and so on.

 The design for disposability objectives include

designing system components such that when
obsolete they can either be completely recycled or
disposed of economically and without causing any
degradation to the environment.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
 Described as a total integrated management
approach that addresses system/product quality
during all phases of the life cycle and at each
level in the overall system hierarchy .

 SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS (SE)

 Refers to the measure of a system in terms of its
technical capability.
 Includes such factors as system performance,
availability, dependability and supportability
LIFE-CYCLE COST (LCC).

Pertains to the economic issues, which must be

addressed along with the technical factors in
making design decisions throughout the sytem
development process.
Associated costs are:
1. Research and development (R&D) cost.
2. Production and construction costs.
3. Operation and maintenance costs.
4. System retirement and phased cost.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS (CE)
 Cost effectiveness involves measuring a system,
in terms of mission fulfillment and total life cycle
cost. Cost effectiveness is a function of system
effectiveness and total life-cycle cost.

 Objective is to design and develop a system that

is cost-effective within the constraints specified
by operational and maintenance requirements.