Group 1

GOFF, Darren Lewis Reynolds

DIRECTO, Donson
FINATEC, Joana Mae
MIGUEL, Leira Deshema

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At the end of the discussion, the students are expected to be
able to:
 differentiate among the three categories of
globalization critics
 understand the multidimensionality of globalization
as a process
 construct their own comprehensive definition of
globalization based on the different approaches
presented
• Debates - Academia vs Public discourse
• Explosion of Globalization – increase in number of books and articles,
from two in 1981to 57,235 in 2001 and going.
• Anglo-American Dominance - Many of the principal participants in the
academic debate reside and teach in the wealthy countries of
the northern hemisphere, particularly the United States and the
United Kingdom.
• Rosenau (2003), Fragmegrative Dynamics - Globalization itself is a
fragmented, incomplete, uneven, and contradictory set of social
processes.
• ’Globaloney’ - conflicting interpretations of globalization as economic,
political, or cultural processes.

• First Group - dispute the usefulness of globalization as a sufficiently

precise analytical concept.
• Second Group - limited nature of globalizing processes,
emphasizing that the world is not nearly as integrated as
many globalization proponents believe.
• Third Group - disputes the novelty of the process while
acknowledging the existence of moderate globalizing
tendencies.
  Rejecting a proposed policy

 Arguments with larger criticism of similarly

vague words employed in academic
discourse
 Craig Calhoun (1993)
Rejected phenomenon of nationalism

Susan Stranger (1996)

Globalization is a prime example of
vacuous term
 SUGGESTIONS OF REJECTIONISTS:
Scholarly suggested som e improvement points in two
different directions

1. Challenge the academ ic com m unity to provide additional

exam ples that could provide m ore specific explanations
of particular.
2. Exploring globalization with m ore interpretativ e studies
 A person who doubts the truth or value
of an idea or belief

 This group emphasizes the limited nature

of current globalizing processes
 HIST AND THOMPSON (2009)
claims that the world economy is not a truly global
phenomenon, and emphasizes that the majority of the economic
a c t i v i t y i n t h e w o r l d s t i l l re m a i n s t h e p r i m a r i l y n a t i o n a l i n
origin and scope

THOMPSON
Advanced an argument against the existence of economic
globalization based on empirical data in order to attack the general
misuse concept
 A person or object that makes partial or
minor changes to something

 This group disputes the novelty of the

globalization process as historically
inacurate
Robert Gilpin (2000)
Confirmed the
existence of
globalizing tendencies
but also insists that
many important
aspects of
globalization are not Disagrees with
novel developments “hyper- globalizers”
 World- System Theorists Andre Gunder
(Pioneered by Immanuel Frank (1998)
Wa l l e r s t e i n a n d A n d r e G u n d e r
Frank)
Reject the use of the term
globalization as
exclusively recent
Immanuel
Wa l l e r s t e i n
phenomena
(1979)
“…emphasis on the economic dimension of globalization
derives partly from its HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT…”

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 EVOLUTION
Expanding Economic Activity
of International GLOBAL
“the primary
Markets aspect of globalization
and and the
INDEPENDENCE
engine behind its rapid development”
Corporations

European Union
N o r t h A m e r i c a n F r e e Tr a d e A s s o c i a t i o n
and etc.
 1944 Bretton Woods Conference
- post- war world economy
- ‘the golden age of controlled capitalism”

Neo- Liberalism (1980s)

  IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
 Free Trade
 Changing Nature of the Production Process
 Liberalization and Internalization of Financial
Transactions

 TRANSNATIONAL FINANCE SYSTEM

 “ …advances in data processing and information
technology that contributed to the explosive growth of
tradable financial value.”

 Artificial Boom-and-Bust Cycles

 Powerful Transnational Corporations (TNCs) with
Subsidiaries in Several Countries

 Business Process Outsourcing

“…POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION as a process intrinsically
connected to the expansion of markets.”
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Economic Perspectives on Globalization
Flows of capital, Money, Technology etc.
across Territorial Boundaries

 State Sovereignty
  The Rise of a “Borderless World”

 Mobilization of Political Power

 Global Cities and Powerful Nations

 Mixture of Political and Technological
Factors

 Trade Wars
International Corporations
  Global Governance
World Governance

 Cosmopolitan Democracy
 “…globalization not as a one- dimensional
phenomenon, but as a multidimensional process...”
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Held and McGrew
 Globalization not as a one-dimensional phenomenon but as a
multidimensional process involving diverse domains of activity and
interaction, including the cultural sphere.

Two central questions:

 Does globalization increase cultural homogeneity, or does it lead to
greater diversity and heterogeneity?
 How does the dominant culture of consumerism impact the natural
environment?

Tomlinson
 Globalization as a 'densely growing network Of complex cultural
interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern
social life
Americanization
• Increasingly homogenized global culture.
• 'cultural imperialism' are overwhelming more vulnerable cultures.

George Ritzer, 'McDonaldization’

• Wide-ranging process by which the principles of the fast-food
restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of
American society, as well as the rest of the world.

Benjamin R. Barber, ‘McWorld’

• A soulless consumer capitalism that is rapidly transforming the
world's diverse population into a blandly uniform market.
'Jihad’
• The parochial impulse to reject and repel Western homogenization
forces wherever they can be found.

Globalization to new forms of cultural

diversity:
 Berger and Huntington
• Emphasizing that cultural globalization is 'American in origin and content’
• The result is not increasing cultural homogenization, but 'glocalization’

 ‘Hybridization' or ‘Creolization’
• The processes of cultural mixing
Ulrich Beck and Arjun Appadurai
• Globalization as a 'process' with the less mechanical concept of
'globality', referring to 'the experience of living and acting across
borders’.
Appadurai, 5 conceptual landscapes
• Ethnoscapes (shifting populations made up of tourists, immigrants,
refugees, and exiles),
• Technoscapes (development of technologies that facilitate the
rise of TNCs),
• Finanscapes (flows of global capital),
• Mediascapes (electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate
information), and
• Ideoscapes (ideologies of states and social movements).
*Above may lead to ‘PLACELESSNESS’
Globalization and the environment:
 Cultural milieu
• How people view their natural environment.
• Balance between human wants and ecological needs.

Dominant value and belief of consumerism

• meaning and chief value of life can be found in the limitless
accumulation of material possessions.

2 ominous ecological problems:

• Human-induced global climate change, such as global warming.
• Worldwide destruction of biodiversity.
Franz Broswimmer
 Fears that up to 50% of all plant and animal species — most of
them in the global south — will disappear by the end of this
century.
• From about 53.30F in 1880 to 57.9 0F in 2000.
• Global sea levels to rise by up to three feet by 2100.
Market based policy Capitalist based consumerism
 Manage environmental problems  Sustainable way to live, even an
• carbon 'taxes’
appropriate way to address
• 'trading’
• biodiversity 'banks' ecological problems created by
capitalist over-consumption in the
first place.
 There are three categories of globalization critics:
 Rejectionists – dispute the usefulness of globalization
as a sufficiently precise analytical concept
 Sceptics – point out the limited nature of globalizing
processes
 Modifiers – disputes the novelty of the process while
acknowledging the existence of moderate
globalizing tendencies
Hyper- globalizers -
  TRANSNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
 OUTSOURCING (BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING)- to cut
labor costs by dispersing economic production processes into
many discrete phases carried out by low- wage workers in the
global south
 COSMOPOLITAN DEMOCRACY –
 SOVEREIGNTY -
 Globalization – multi- dimensional process
Steger, M. , (2000). Approaches to the study of globalization.
doi: 10.4135/97814739060