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BUS OPERATIONS

Power System Control and Operation (D53011CC)

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES
BUS INJECTION
BUS ARRANGEMENTS
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX

柯司坦 | Crestian Almazan Agustin


20753004
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INTRODUCTION
 A bus in a power system is defined as the vertical
line at which the several components of the power
system like generators, loads, and feeders, etc., are
connected.
 The buses in a power system are associated with
four quantities which includes the magnitude of
the voltage, the phase angle of the voltage, active
or true power and the reactive power.
 Bus is mostly made of copper bar, almuinium
conductor, and ACSR conductor.
Sample image of some low/medium voltage
copper bus bars.

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


CLASSIFICATION
 Depends on the quantity to be specified the buses are classified into three
categories generation bus, load bus and slack bus.

Classification of Buses

Generation
Load Bus Slack Bus
Bus

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Generation Bus or Voltage Control Bus
 Bus that connects generator to its
generating transformer.
 This is also called the P-V Bus where the
voltage magnitude corresponding to
generator voltage and true or active power
|P| corresponding to its rating are
specified.
 Voltage magnitude is maintained constant
at a specified value by injection of reactive
power. The reactive power generation Q
and phase angle δ of the voltage are to be
computed.

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Load Bus
 This is also called the P-Q bus, the active
and reactive power is injected into the
network. Magnitude and phase angle of
the voltage are to be computed.
 The active power P and reactive power Q
are specified, and the load bus voltage can
be permitted within a tolerable value, i.e.,
5 %. The phase angle of the voltage , i.e. δ
is not very important for the load.

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Slack, Swing or Reference Bus
 Slack bus is also called as the V-δ bus, is
used to balance the active power |P| and
reactive power |Q| in a system while
performing load flow analysis. It does not
carry any load.
 There is only one swing bus, and it can be
designated by the engineer to be any
generator bus in the system. This generator
“swings” to compensate for the network
losses, or, one may say that it “takes up the
slack.”

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


ELEMENTS OF POWER FLOW: BUS
 Based on the single-line diagram as shown, the
following buses are presents:
 Generation only – B1, B2, and B3.
 Load only – B5, B7, and B9
 Either generation or load – B4, B6, and B8

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


BUS INJECTION
 Is the process by which a power (P or Q), is being injected into or withdrawn
from a bus by an element having its other terminal connected to ground. Such
an element would be either a generator or a load.
 Positive injection is defined as one where power is flowing from the element
into the bus.
 Negative injection is then when power is flowing from the bus, into the
element.

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


BUS INJECTION CONFIGURATION

 In this case, the net injection for both real and


reactive power is positive (into the bus).
 Thus, the net real power injection is 𝑃𝑘 = 𝑃𝑔𝑘 − 𝑃𝑑𝑘 ,
and the net reactive power injection is 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑄𝑔𝑘 −
𝑄𝑑𝑘 .
 We may also refer to the net complex power
injection as 𝑆𝑘 = 𝑆𝑔𝑘 − 𝑆𝑑𝑘 , where 𝑆𝑘 = 𝑃𝑘 + 𝑗𝑄𝑘 .

Illustration of (a) positive injection, (b)


negative injection, and (c) net injection

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


BUS ARRANGEMNTS
 Single Busbar System
 Single Busbar with Sectionaliser System
 Single Bus and Transfer Bus System
 Double Busbar System
 Double Busbar with Sectionaliser System
 Double Bus and Transfer Bus System
 Double Bus and Transfer Bus with Sectionaliser

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Single Bus System
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Simple in design. 1. In case of bus fault or bus bar isolator fault, the whole
2. Easy maintenance. system is out of service.
3. Less expenditure. 2. In case of maintenance of transformer circuit breaker, the
4. Good appearance associated transformer has also to be shutdown.

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Single Bus with CB Sectionaliser System
 Main bus is divided into two sections with a circuit breakers and isolators in between the
adjoining sections.
 Provide isolation to other section during maintenance and intermittent fault occurs without
disturbance from other section.
 Ensure continuity of service.

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Single Bus and Transfer Bus System
 All feeders are normally on the main bus bar. Any disturbance may occur, particular
feeder affected can be transferred using the transfer bus.
 The feeder protection gets transferred to trip the ‘Transfer Bus Coupler Breaker’.
 During fault occurrence or maintenance, entire bus becomes de-energized.

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Double Bus System
 Flexibility of transferring any circuit to any of the bus.
 For maintenance and fault occurrence, one bus can be isolated while other remain
energized.
 Additional by-pass isolator is provided for protection.

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Double Bus and CB Bypass Isolator System
 When any CB has problem or for preventive maintenance, all other feeders will be shifted
to other bus, by closing the bypass isolator and opening of the faulty CB.

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Double Bus and Transfer Bus System
 Flexibility of transferring any circuit to any of the main buses.
 For maintenance and fault occurrence, one bus can be isolated while other remain
energized.
 Any CB can be taken out for maintenance by transferring tat circuit to transfer bus, and
transferring its protection to Transfer Bus Coupler Circuit Breaker.

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Double Bus with Sectionaliser System
 This is improvement over the double bus bar arrangement.
 For maintenance or fault occurrence, only one section of the faulty bus can only becomes
dead while the rest continues to be in service.

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POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)


Thank you!!!

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND OPERATION (D53011CC)

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