Implementation of Basic

Digital Filter Structures

R.C. Maher

ECEN4002/5002 DSP Laboratory

Spring 2003
 Digital Filters
• DSP ALUs designed to do fast MACs
• Use Harvard architecture: place filter state
in X memory, filter coefficients in Y
memory
• Try to avoid truncation until after all MACs

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 FIR Filter Review
x[n]
+ y[n]
Z-1 h0

x[n-1]
Z-1 h1
x[n-2]
Z-1 h2

x[n-3]
h3
3
H ( z )   hn z  n
n 0

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 FIR Setup
X Memory Y Memory

Modulo N Modulo N
Buffer Filter state Coefficients
Buffer
Memory Memory
(delay line) (delay line)

Input
Accumulator Output
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 FIR Code for 56300
• Filter order ‘n’
• Input and Output in accumulator ‘a’
• r0: samples, r4: coefs, m0 & m4: n-1

move a,x(r0)
clr a x:(r0)+,x0 y:(r4)+,y0
rep #n-1
mac x0,y0,a x:(r0)+,x0 y:(r4)+,y0
macr x0,y0,a (r0)-

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 IIR Filters
• IIR (infinite impulse response) filters allow
zeros and poles; FIR allow zeros only. IIR
can be more selective for a given filter order
• IIR also called recursive filters: output
depends on past inputs and past outputs
• IIR designs are not guaranteed to be stable
• IIR filters can be particularly sensitive to
coefficient quantization
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 IIR Issues: Stability and
Sensitivity
• Finite precision of coefficients can lead to
several issues:
– In order to be unconditionally stable and causal,
all system poles must be inside the unit circle
(|z|<1). Coefficient roundoff may inadvertently
move a pole outside unit circle
– Finite coefficient precision “quantizes” pole
locations: may change frequency response
from ideal case even if still stable

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 Overflow Issues
• Gain from input to storage nodes in the
filter may exceed unity. This can cause
filter state to be saturated (clipped),
resulting in distortion
• Typically must scale down (attenuate) the
input signal, then scale up (amplify) by an
equal amount on the output

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 Second-Order Sections
• High-order filter polynomials involve terms
that are products and sums involving many
poles and zeros. Small roundoff errors
when implementing filter can lead to large
response errors
• As with analog filters, it is typical to reduce
sensitivity by using second-order sections

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 Implementing 2 nd Order Sections
• 2nd Order (bi-quad) expression

b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2
H z  
1  a1 z 1  a2 z  2
1  k1 z 1  k 2 z  2
 b0
1  a1 z 1  a2 z  2
• Numerator implements 2 zeros, denominator
implements 2 poles (real or complex conj.)

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 Direct Form Bi-Quad
x[n] y[n]
+
Z-1 b0 Z-1
x[n-1] y[n-1]
Z-1 b1 -a1 Z-1
x[n-2]
y[n-2]
b2
-a2

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 IIR Code for 56300
• Direct Form II, with equations:
w(n)=x(n)-ai1w(n-1)-ai2w(n-2)
y(n)=w(n)+bi1w(n-1)+bi2w(n-2)
• Since ai1 and bi1 may be > 1, need to divide
all coefs by 2, then use special scaling mode
for 2 on read from accumulator:
ori #$08,MR
 sets “scale up”: 1-bit left shift on acc read

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 IIR for 56300 (cont.)
• N = number of second-order sections
• Filter state (w) in X memory: r0
• Filter coefs (a,b) in Y memory: r4
– Coefs stored in order:
• a12/2, a11/2, b12/2, b11/2, a22/2, … bN2/2
– State (data) stored in order:
• w1(n-2), w1(n-1), w2(n-2), w2(n-1), … wN(n-1)
• m0 = 2*N-1, m4 = 4*N-1
• Initial gain in y1, input in y0, output in ‘a’
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 IIR for 56300 (cont.)
mpy y0,y1,a x:(r0)+,x0 y:(r4)+,y0
do #N,end_cell
mac -x0,y0,a x:(r0)-,x1 y:(r4)+,y0
macr -x1,y0,a x1,x:(r0)+ y:(r4)+,y0
mac x0,y0,a a,x:(r0)+ y:(r4)+,y0
mac x1,y0,a x:(r0)+,x0 y:(r4)+,y0
end_cell
rnd a

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 Other Filter Structures
• Direct Form I and Direct Form II
• Cascade and Parallel Realizations
• Transpose Forms
• Lattice Forms

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 EVM Note: External Memory
• To use external memory on EVM, need to
program the bus control register and the address
attribute register 0 (see 56300 Family Manual)
movep #$040821,x:M_AAR0 ;Compare 8 most significant bits
;Look for a match with address
;Y:0000 0100 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
;No pack, no mux, Y enabled
;P and X disabled
;AAR0 pin active low
movep #$012421,x:M_BCR ;One ext. wait state

• Access to external memory is slower than internal

memory: wait state stalls processor
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 Conclusion
• DSP chips (including the DSP563xx) are
designed specifically for fast digital filter
implementations
• Care must be taken to ensure that the
practical details are addressed:
– Coefficient quantization
– Overflow and scaling
– Computational complexity

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