BRITISH

ISLES
REGION

• Joyce Minerva S. Tagnipes BSN3

2 NATIONS
UNION JACK
 IRELAND
• OFFICIAL NAME: Éire (Irish); Ireland
(English)

• FORM OF GOVERNMENT: unitary

multiparty republic with two
legislative houses (Senate [602];
House of Representatives [158])

• HEAD OF STATE President: Michael

D. Higgins

• HEAD OF GOVERNMENT Prime

Minister: Leo Varadkar

• CAPITAL: Dublin
 IRELAND
• OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: Irish; English

• OFFICIAL RELIGION: none

• MONETARY UNIT: euro (€)

• POPULATION: (2016 est.) 4,781,000

• TOTAL AREA (SQ MI) 27,133

• TOTAL AREA (SQ KM) 70,273

 IRELAND
• URBAN-RURAL POPULATION

Urban: (2014) 62.9% Rural: (2014) 37.1%

• LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

Male: (2015) 78.4 years Female: (2015) 83.1

years

• LITERACY: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION

AGE 15 AND OVER LITERATE

Male: 100% Female: 100%

 NORTHERN IRELAND
HISTORY AND
ETHNIC
• RELATIONS
Emergence of the Nation. The nation that evolved in Ireland was formed over
two millennia, the result of diverse forces both internal and external to the
island. While there were a number of groups of people living on the island in
prehistory, the Celtic migrations of the first millennium B.C.E. brought the
language and many aspects of Gaelic society that have figured so prominently
in more recent nationalist revivals.

• Christianity was introduced in the fifth century C.E. , and from its beginning
Irish Christianity has been associated with monasticism. Irish monks did much
to preserve European Christian heritage before and during the Middle Ages,
and they ranged throughout the continent in their efforts to establish their holy
orders and serve their God and church.

• From the early ninth century Norsemen raided Ireland's monasteries and
settlements, and by the next century they had established their own coastal
communities and trading centers. The traditional Irish political system, based
on five provinces (Meath, Connacht, Munster, Leinster, and Ulster), assimilated
many Norse people, as well as many of the Norman invaders from England
after 1169.
 NORTHERN IRELAND
HISTORY AND
ETHNIC
Over the next RELATIONS
• four centuries, although the Anglo-Normans succeeded in
controlling most of the island, thereby establishing feudalism and their
structures of parliament, law, and administration, they also adopted the
Irish language and customs, and intermarriage between Norman and Irish
elites had become common. By the end of the fifteenth century, the
Gaelicization of the Normans had resulted in only the Pale, around
Dublin, being controlled by English lords.

• In the sixteenth century, the Tudors sought to reestablish English control

over much of the island. The efforts of Henry VIII to disestablish the
Catholic Church in Ireland began the long association between Irish
Catholicism and Irish nationalism. His daughter, Elizabeth I, accomplished
the English conquest of the island.
 NORTHERN IRELAND
HISTORY AND
ETHNIC
• RELATIONS
In the early seventeenth century the English government began a policy
of colonization by importing English and Scottish immigrants, a policy
that often necessitated the forcible removal of the native Irish. Today's
nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland has its historical roots in this
period, when New English Protestants and Scottish Presbyterians moved
into Ulster.

• Ethnic Relations. Many countries in the world have sizable Irish ethnic
minorities, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom,
Australia, and Argentina. While many of these people descend from
emigrants of the mid- to late nineteenth century, many others are
descendants of more recent Irish emigrants, while still others were born in
Ireland. These ethnic communities identify in varying degrees with Irish
culture, and they are distinguished by their religion, dance, music, dress,
food, and secular and religious celebrations (the most famous of which is
the Saint Patrick Day's parades that are held in Irish communities around
the world on 17 March).
ART IRELAND
The Taking of Christ by
Michelangelo Merisi da
Caravaggio
• Caravaggio painted this
extraordinary work for the Roman
Marquis Ciriaco Mattei in 1602.
• Caravaggio placed the figures close
to the picture plane and used a
strong light-and-dark contrast,
giving the scene an extraordinary
sense of drama.
• Thought to be lost for many years,
the painting was rediscovered at the
Jesuit House on Leeson Street,
Dublin, in 1987.
 IRELAND
RELI
•
GIO
The predominant religion in the
Republic of Ireland is Christianity,
with the largest church being the
N
Roman Catholic Church. The Irish
constitution says that the state may
not endorse any particular religion
and guarantees freedom of religion.

Religions in the Republic of Ireland,

2016
• Presbyterian (0.5%)
• Catholic Church (78.3%)
• Hindu (0.3%)
• Church of Ireland (2.6%)
• Apostolic or Pentecostal (0.2%)
• Islam (1.3%)
• Not Stated or Other (5.7%)
• Orthodox Christianity (1.3%)
• No Religion (9.8%)
NORTHERN
IRELAND
 NORTHER
N
• LEGISLATURE: Northern Ireland

•
IRELAND
Assembly

HEAD OF GOVERNMENT: First

minister

• CAPITAL: Belfast

• OFFICIAL LANGUAGE: English

• NATIONAL RELIGION: none

• MONETARY UNIT: pound sterling

(£)
 NORTHER
N
• IRELAND
POPULATION (2011) 1,810,863

• TOTAL AREA (SQ MI) 5,457

• TOTAL AREA (SQ KM) 14,135

 NORTHERN IRELAND
HISTORY AND
ETHNIC
Emergence of RELATIONS
• the Nation. Prior to 1920 the island of Ireland was part of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Government of
Ireland Act of 1920 founded the Irish Free State and allowed six Ulster
counties to remain part of the United Kingdom, becoming Northern
Ireland.

• The Irish Republican Army (IRA) opposed the establishment of the Irish
Free State. In 1925, an agreement among the Irish Free State, Northern
Ireland, and Great Britain partitioned Ireland and defined the borders.

• Catholic residents of Ulster did not want to see Ireland divided, but
Protestant business leaders wished to remain linked to England. In 1936,
the Irish Free State proclaimed its complete independence, and in 1949 it
renamed itself the Republic of Ireland. Since 1974, the United Kingdom
has ruled Northern Ireland directly.
 NORTHERN IRELAND
HISTORY AND
ETHNIC RELATIONS
National Identity. The Northern Irish see themselves as distinct from the
English but connected to their compatriots in the Republic of Ireland. The
Northern Irish see the British of Northern Ireland as interlopers and
oppressors.

Ethnic Relations. Violent antagonism between Catholics and Protestants

developed in the nineteenth century and resulted from history and religion.
The influx of settlers from England and Scotland was not welcomed by the
native Irish, since the newcomers were awarded the best parcels of land. At
first, the minority Ulster Protestants could not dominate the Catholic
majority, but after the victory of the Protestants supporting William of
Orange at the Battle of the Boyne, they prevailed.
 NORTHERN
ART IRELAND
Castor and Pollux, the
Heavenly Twins - 1783 by
Giovanni Battista Cipriani
(1727–1785)

• He was an Italian immigrant

much sought after as decorator
of aristocratic mansions.

• The painting was originally

commissioned from Cipriani for
Houghton Hall, Norfolk.

• Lord Belmore acquired it in

1990 for Castle Coole in
Enniskillen.
 NORTHERN IRELAND
RELI
• GIO
Christianity is the largest religion
in Northern Ireland. According to

N
a 2007 Tearfund survey, Northern
Ireland was the most religious part
of the UK, with 45% regularly
attending church.

• Roman Catholic (40.76%)

• Presbyterian Church (19.06%)

• Anglican Church (13.74%)

• Other religion (0.82%)
• Methodist Church (3.00%)
• Non-religious (10.11%)
• Other Christian (5.76%)
• Not stated (6.75%)
MUS IRELAND
IC
seisún (pronounced: seh-shoon)

• A traditional music seisún that can best be described as an informal

gathering of musicians. Often, it’ll kick off with just a guitar. But before
long you’ve got a whole group of fiddlers, flutists, banjos and bodhrán
(drum) or Lambeg drum players belting out the tunes.

céilí (pronounced like: kay-lee)

• It is all about dancing to this music; and there's a huge emphasis on

joining in with the locals. Every corner of Ireland has its own favorite
dances, from jigs to set dances.
 IRELAND
LITERA
•TURE
Irish literature comprises writings in the Irish,
Latin, and English (including Ulster Scots)
languages on the island of Ireland. The
earliest recorded Irish writing dates from the
seventh century and was produced by monks
writing in both Latin and Early Irish.

• A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

FIRST NOVEL BY JAMES JOYCE published
serially in The Egoist in 1914–15 and in book
form in 1916; considered by many the
greatest bildungsroman in the English
language. The novel portrays the early years
of Stephen Dedalus, who later reappeared as
one of the main characters in Joyce’s Ulysses
(1922).
 IRELAND
PHILO
SOPHE
• Robert Boyle, (born January 25, 1627,
Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland—

R died December 31, 1691, London, England),

Anglo-Irish natural philosopher and
theological writer, a preeminent figure of
17th-century intellectual culture.

• Boyle was one of the first philosophers to

develop a philosophy of experiment. His
view, which derived in part from Francis
Bacon, has many parallels with that of his
fellow experimenter Robert Hooke and this
Bacon-Boyle-Hooke philosophy of
experiment came to exert great influence on
the development of natural philosophy in the
late seventeenth century (Anstey 2014).
 SCOTLA
• LEGISLATURE: Scottish

•
ND
Parliament

HEAD OF GOVERNMENT: First

minister

• CAPITAL: Edinburgh

• OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: English;

Scots Gaelic

• NATIONAL RELIGION: Church

of Scotland

• MONETARY UNIT: pound

sterling (£)
 SCOTLA
•
ND
POPULATION: (2011)
5,295,400

• TOTAL AREA: (SQ MI)

30,087

• TOTAL AREA: (SQ KM)

77,925
ART SCOTLAND
The Battle of Glenshiel-
1719 by Peter Tillemans
Netherlandish (about 1684 -
1734)

• Tillemans shows the battle

from the government position
and is based on eye-witness
accounts and contemporary
plans for the deployment of
forces.
• The Rising of 1719 was another
failed attempt to restore the
Stuart dynasty to the British
throne.
• Gallery: Scottish National
Portrait Gallery(On Display)
HISTORY AND
ETHNIC
RELATIONS
 SCOTLAND
Emergence of the Nation. In the eleventh century, the Scottish
kingdom was a politico-ethnic patchwork of Scots, Picts, Angles,
and Britons. Under Anglo-Norman feudal institutions, many cities
were founded, often populated by Flemish, Norman, English, and
Scandinavian immigrants recruited for craft and artisanal skills.
These changes mark the growing cultural divergence between the
Lowlands and the Highlands.

National Identity. Major processes shaping the national identity

since 1707 have been Calvinist Protestantism, participation in the
British Empire, a mixture of pride and shame involving the cultural
and demographic decimation of the Highlands, the sense of a
national working class, a weakening sense of attachment to the
British Empire and Commonwealth, and an increasing orientation
toward a larger European framework.
 SCOTLAND
Ethnic Relations. Cultural tensions still exist between Catholics and
Protestants and Highlanders and Lowlanders. However, the Labor
Party has been a major force in integrating the Protestant and
Catholic communities. There are ethnic tensions between the Scots
and English in some areas over access to jobs and housing, and
non-white Scots often encounter racism.
MUS SCOTLAND
IC
Scottish Traditional Music
• Historically, Scottish music has been a broad kirk, based
on local influences, such as language and social setting.
• The instrument most strongly associated with Scotland is
of course the bagpipe, but the traditional music scene is
much broader, taking in instruments such as the fiddle,
accordion and clàrsach (Scottish harp) each with strong
and distinct traditions of their own.
 SCOTLAND
LITERA
TURE
Scottish literature, the body of writings produced by inhabitants of
Scotland that includes works in Scots Gaelic, Scots (Lowland Scots), and
English. This article focuses on literature in Scots and in English; see
English literature for additional discussion of some works in English.

John Barbour (c.1320 – 13 March 1395) was a Scottish poet and the
first major named literary figure to write in Scots. His principal
surviving work is the historical verse romance, The Brus (The Bruce),
and his reputation from this poem is such that other long works in
Scots which survive from the period are sometimes thought to be by
him.
 SCOTLAND
LITERA
TURE
The Brus, also known as The Bruce, is
a long narrative poem, in Early Scots,
of just under 14,000 octosyllabic lines
composed by John Barbour which
gives a historic and chivalric account
of the actions of Robert the Bruce and
the Black Douglas in the Scottish Wars
of Independence during a period from
the circumstances leading up the
English invasion of 1296 through to
Scotland's restored position in the
years between the Truce of 1328 and
the death of Thomas Randolph, Earl
of Moray in 1332.
 SCOTLAND
RELIGI
•ON In Scotland the official Church is the
Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

• In 2011 over half (54%) of the

population of Scotland stated their
religion as Christian - a decrease of
11 percentage points since 2001,
whilst 37 per cent of people stated
that they had no religion - an
increase of nine percentage points.
Non-religious (36.7% • Other Christian (5.5%)

• Islam (1.4%)

• Church of Scotland (32.4%) • Other religions (1.2%)

• Catholic Church (15.9%) • Not stated (7.0%)

 SCOTLAND
PHILO
SOPH
Adam Ferguson, FRSE (Scottish Gaelic:
Adhamh MacFhearghais), also known as
Ferguson of Raith (20 June 1723 – 22

ER
February 1816), was a Scottish philosopher
and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Ferguson was sympathetic to traditional
societies, such as the Highlands, for
producing courage and loyalty. He criticized
commercial society as making men weak,
dishonourable and unconcerned for their
community.
Ferguson has been called "the father of
modern sociology" for his contributions to
the early development of the discipline. His
most well known work is his Essay on the
History of Civil Society.
 ENGLAN
LEADING CITY: London
D
•

• OFFICIAL LANGUAGE: none

• NATIONAL RELIGION: Church of

England

• MONETARY UNIT: pound

sterling (£)

• POPULATION: (2011) 53,012,456

• TOTAL AREA (SQ MI) 50,302

• TOTAL AREA (SQ KM) 130,281

 ENGLAND
• Emergence of the Nation. The emergence of the nation took place
between 1200 and 1850. The first period when a quasi-national feeling
was able to unify the people was the Hundred Years' War with France in
the late Middle Ages (1337–1453). Although a dynastic conflict between
successive English and French monarchs, this war became a cause in which
Anglo-Saxon and Norman culture merged into a recognizably English
culture.

• National Identity. English cultural roots lie in a merging of Anglo-Saxon,

Danish, and Norman French culture that has existed as a synthesis since
the late Middle Ages. A process of negotiation was at the heart of this
cultural creation.
 ENGLAND
• Ethnic Relations. After stripping them of their assets, Edward I expelled
the Jewish community in 1290, and Jews did not receive full rights and
recognition until the twentieth century. The earliest guest workers,
Flemish clothworkers, frequently found their contributions resented by
"native" labor. German, French, and Low Countries Protestant refugees in
the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries were confronted with ethnic
prejudices. The Irish as Celts and Catholics and the Welsh and Scots as
Celts also have faced resentment, especially in eras dominated by English
nationalism and British imperialism.
ART ENGLAND
The Death of Major
Peirson, 6 January 1781 –
1783 by John Singleton
Copley (1738–1815)
• When the picture was first
exhibited publicly in May 1784,
crowds of people came to see
it and, according to one critic,
'the chorus of praise reached all
the way to Buckingham Palace'
• This picture celebrates the
British defence of Jersey
against French invasion in 1781
and also pays tribute to a
young Major, Francis Peirson,
who lost his life in the process.
MUS ENGLAND
•IC The folk music of England is traditionally based music, which has existed
since the later medieval period. It is often contrasted with courtly,
classical and later commercial music. Folk music has been preserved and
transmitted orally, through print and later through recordings.

• Since its earliest days, English music has been particularly diverse and
culturally relevant. It was made up of religious music, folk music, classical
music and many other styles.

• There were styles designed for the wealthy and elite and others for the
working class and the poor. English music was particularly influenced by
European movements. However, there are also many trends and styles
that originated from within the country itself. Notable examples are the
Celtic chants and the medieval carols.
MUS ENGLAND
•IC During the 16th Century, the Protestant Reformation hit England,
introducing an increased tendency towards religious music.

• The Baroque era of the 17th and 18th centuries was characterised by
formalised orchestral classical music that was ornamental, dramatic and
complex.

• In the 1800’s, brass bands were introduced and used to convey the
typical classical styles of music in a more fun and modern way. This was
largely brought about by the social and economic changes experienced by
England at the time.

• Then, during the 1930’s, American jazz music infiltrated the English
market. This forced the creation of local bands and musicians, who
explored and experimented with their genres, styles and audiences.
 ENGLAND
LITER
ATUR
• Pride and Prejudice is a romance
novel by Jane Austen, first

E published in 1813.

• The story charts the emotional

development of the protagonist,
Elizabeth Bennet, who learns the
error of making hasty judgments
and comes to appreciate the
difference between the superficial
and the essential.

• The comedy of the writing lies in

the depiction of manners,
education, marriage and money in
the British Regency.
 ENGLAND
LITER
ATUR
• Austen’s novel begins with a line
that resounds to this day: "It is a

E truth universally acknowledged,

that a single man in possession of a
good fortune must be in want of a
wife."

• The story of Elizabeth Bennett, one

of five unmarried daughters of a
country gentleman, and Mr Darcy,
her land-owning suitor, has wooed
readers for two centuries, selling
more than 20 million copies and
inspiring dozens of imitations.
 ENGLAND
RELIG
•
ION
The official religion of England is
Christianity, as practised by the
Church of England (Anglican).
• The Queen (the British Monarch)
is 'Supreme Governor of the
Church of England'.
• A snapshot of religious affiliations
throughout England and Wales in
2011. Despite falling numbers,
Christianity remained the largest
religion with 59.3% of the
population identifying themselves
as Christian. Muslims made up the
second largest religious group
with 4.8% of the population.
 ENGLAND
PHILO
SOPH
• John Locke was an English
philosopher and physician, widely

ER regarded as one of the most

influential of Enlightenment thinkers
and commonly known as the
"Father of Liberalism".

• He is among the most influential

political philosophers of the
modern period. In the Two
Treatises of Government, he
defended the claim that men are by
nature free and equal against claims
that God had made all people
naturally subject to a monarch.
 ENGLAND
PHILO
SOPH
•He argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty,

anyER
and property, that have a foundation independent of the laws of
particular society.

• Locke used the claim that men are naturally free and equal as part of
the justification for understanding legitimate political government as
the result of a social contract where people in the state of nature
conditionally transfer some of their rights to the government in
order to better ensure the stable, comfortable enjoyment of their
lives, liberty, and property.

• John Locke's views on education are based on his empirical theory

of human knowledge in his famous work “An Essay Concerning
Human Understanding”. When born, the mind of the child is like a
blank slate — “tabula rasa”, to be filled later with the data derived
from sensory experience.
 WALES
• LEGISLATURE: National Assembly

• HEAD OF GOVERNMEN: First

minister

• OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: English;

Welsh

• NATIONAL RELIGION: none

• MONETARY UNIT: pound sterling

(£)
 WALES
• POPULATION (2011) 3,063,456

• TOTAL AREA (SQ MI) 8,005

• TOTAL AREA (SQ KM) 20,732

 WALES
• Emergence of the Nation. The earliest evidence of a human presence in
Wales dates from the Paleolithic, or Old Stone Age, period almost
200,000 years ago. It was not until the Neolithic and Bronze Age period
around 3,000 B.C.E. , however, that a sedentary civilization began to
develop. The first tribes to settle in Wales, who probably came from the
western coastal areas of the Mediterranean, were people generally
referred to as the Iberians.

• Later migrations from northern and eastern Europe brought the Brythonic
Celts and Nordic tribes to the area. At the time of the Roman invasion in
55 B.C.E. , the area was made up of the Iberian and Celtic tribes who
referred to themselves as Cymry.

• The Cymry tribes were eventually subjugated by the Romans in the first
century C.E. Anglo-Saxon tribes also settled in Britain during this period,
pushing other Celtic tribes into the Welsh mountains where they
eventually united with the Cymry already living there.
 WALES
• National Identity. The different ethnic groups and tribes that settled in
ancient Wales gradually merged, politically and culturally, to defend their
territory from first, the Romans, and later the Anglo-Saxon and Norman
invaders. The sense of national identity was formed over centuries as the
people of Wales struggled against being absorbed into neighboring
cultures.

• The heritage of a common Celtic origin was a key factor in shaping Welsh
identity and uniting the warring kingdoms. Cut off from other Celtic
cultures to the north in Britain and in Ireland, the Welsh tribes united
against their non-Celtic enemies.

• The development and continued use of the Welsh language also played
important roles in maintaining and strengthening the national identity.
The tradition of handing down poetry and stories orally and the
importance of music in daily life were essential to the culture's survival.
 WALES
• Ethnic Relations. With the Act of Union, Wales gained peaceful relations
with the English while maintaining their ethnic identity. Until the late
eighteenth century Wales was predominantly rural with most of the
population living in or near small farming villages; contact with other
ethnic groups was minimal. The Welsh gentry, on the other hand, mixed
socially and politically with the English and Scottish gentry, producing a
very Anglicized upper class.
ART WALES
The Bard by JONES,
Thomas (1742 - 1803)
• This dramatic history painting
has become iconic for Wales.
Based on Thomas Gray’s poem
The Bard, it recounts the tale
of Edward I’s legendary
massacre of the Welsh bards.
• This is one of Jones’ early
paintings in the grand manner,
where the landscape is used as
a background setting for a
scene from history, literature or
mythology. Jones regarded it
as ‘one of the best I ever
painted’.
MUS WALES
IC
Wales
• has a history of folk music related to the Celtic music of
countries such as Ireland and Scotland. It has distinctive
instrumentation and song types, and is often heard at a
twmpath (folk dance session), gŵyl werin (folk festival) or
noson lawen (a traditional party similar to the Gaelic "Céilidh").

• The Harp (or telyn in Welsh) is regarded as their national

instrument, with the triple harp being typically Welsh. The
Welsh harp is a more delicate instrument than the Irish harp,
with the strings that were made from hair and later animal guts.
MUS WALES
•ICPibgorn is a simple reed
The
instrument made from a
wooden pipe and the horns of
a bull.
• The Crwth is one of Wales’
oldest instruments. It is a form
of stringed lyre which is played
with at bow and which has a
range of just one octave.
• These are often played
alongside pipes (pibau), fiddles
and penny or tin whistles
which are also popular in
Welsh traditional music.
 WALES
LITER
ATUR
• Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to
describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers. It has

E been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century.

• The phrase "Welsh writing in English" has replaced the earlier "Anglo-
Welsh literature" because many Welsh writers in English have felt that the
latter usage failed to give "Welsh status to Welsh people who, not
speaking Cymraeg, nevertheless do not feel at all English".

• While Raymond Garlick discovered sixty-nine Welsh men and women

who wrote in English prior to the twentieth century, Dafydd Johnston
thinks it "debatable whether such writers belong to a recognisable Anglo-
Welsh literature, as opposed to English literature in general".
 WALES
LITER
ATUR
• Well into the nineteenth century English was
spoken by relatively few in Wales, and prior

E to the early twentieth century there are only

three major Welsh-born writers who wrote in
the English language: George Herbert (1593–
1633) from Montgomeryshire, Henry
Vaughan (1622–1695) from Brecknockshire,
and John Dyer (1699–1757) from
Carmarthenshire.

• George Herbert (3 April 1593 – 1 March

1633) was a Welsh-born poet, orator and
Anglican priest. Herbert's poetry is associated
with the writings of the metaphysical poets,
and he is recognised as "one of the foremost
British devotional lyricists.
 WALES
LITER
ATUR
• E George Herbert's poem
"Easter Wings" printed
upright in modern type
 WALES
LITER • Easter Wings" in the 1633
edition of The Temple

ATUR
E
 WALES
RELIG
•
ION
The Church in Wales is also
Anglican.

• The largest non-Christian

faith in Wales is Islam, with
about 46,000 adherents in
2011. Most Muslims live in
Cardiff (23,656 in 2011,
6.8% of the population), but
there are also significant
numbers in Newport (6,859
in 2011) and Swansea (5,415
in 2011).
 WALES
PHILO
SOPH
• Henry Habberley Price, usually cited
as H. H. Price, was a Welsh
philosopher, known for his work on
ER perception.

• His earliest book, Perception (1932),

rejected causal theories of perception,
while a later publication, Thinking and
Experience (1953), revealed the
importance of conceptual awareness
beyond mere symbolic interpretation.
Also writing on religion,
parapsychology, and psychic
phenomena, he viewed telepathy and
clairvoyance as influences on the
unconscious mind. Additional works
include Hume’s Theory of the External
World (1940), Belief (1969), and
Essays in the Philosophy of Religion
(1972).
QUIZ
1-3) The three Patron Saints that represented the Union Jack/
Union Flag

4) Caravaggio painted this extraordinary work for the Roman

Marquis Ciriaco Mattei in 1602.

5) A traditional music in Ireland that can best be described as

an informal gathering of musicians. Often, it’ll kick off with
just a guitar. But before long you’ve got a whole group of
fiddlers, flutists, banjos and bodhrán (drum) or Lambeg drum
players belting out the tunes.
6) The official Church of Scotland.

7) It is a romance novel by Jane Austen, first published in

1813. (England)

8) He was an English philosopher and physician, widely

regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment
thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".
(England)

9) The national instrument of Welsh.

10) Name one of the London’s Landmarks.