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viruses
Introduction to Virology
• A virus is an obligate intracellular
parasite containing genetic material
surrounded by protein
• Virus particles can only be observed by
an electron microscope
• The classification of viruses is based on
the type of nucleic acid contained within
RNA viruses---also known as a retrovirus
DNA viruses
• Viral life cycle consists of six stages
within the host cell
Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Multiplication
Assembly
Release
• The cultivation of viruses is complex and
includes three common methods
Chicken egg culture
Cell culture
Animal inoculation
• Replication
Viruses replicate within a host cell while
utilizing the host cell’s nucleic acids.
• Recognizing the shape, size, and
structure of different viruses is critical to
the study of disease
Viruses have an inner core of nucleic acid
surrounded by protein coat known as an
capsid.
Most viruses range in sizes from 20 – 250
nanometers
A lipid containing membrane that
surrounds some viruses -Envelop
• Recognizing the shape, size, and
structure of different viruses is critical to
the study of disease
Viruses have an inner core of nucleic acid
surrounded by protein coat known as an
envelope
Most viruses range in sizes from 20 – 250
nanometers
• Viral Diseases-Examples
Influenza
Rabies
HIV
Hepatitis
• DNA containing viruses :
• Paroviruses
• Polyoma viruses
• Papilloma viruses
• Adeno viruses
• Hepadna viruses
• Herpes viruses
• Pox viruses
• RNA containing viruses :
• Picorna viruses
• Astro viruses
• Calicivi viruses
• Hepe viruses
• Reo viruses
• Arbo viruses
• Toga viruses
• Flavi viruses
• Areno viruses
• Corona viruses
• Retro viruses
• Orthomyxo viruses
• Bunya viruses
• Rhabdo viruses
• Paramyxo viruses
• Filo viruses
• Viroides :
• Small infectious agent that cause disease
in plants.These are nucleic acid
molecules without a protein coat
Prions :
infectious particles composed solely of
proteins with no detectable nucleic acid
• Immunity to viruses
Cell-mediated
Humoral
• Role of Complement
• Vaccination against viruses
Inactivated vaccines
Live vaccines
• Interferon
Definition of a Virus
Sub microscopic entity consisting
of a single nucleic acid surrounded
by a protein coat and capable of
replication only within the living
cells of bacteria, animals or
plants.
Definition of a Virus
Obligate
Intracellular
Parasite
Virion Structure
Lipid Envelope Nucleic Acid
Protein
Capsid
Virion
Associated
Spike
Polymerase
Projections
Virion Morphology
• Simple Structure
• Repetitive Structure
• High Level of
Redundancy
Virus Morphology
Helical Icosahedral
Types of symmetry of virus particles
• Cubic symmetry :
• Sub units in a closed shell (Icosahedron)
• 20 faces,each an equilateral triangle
• 12 vertex and five fold ,three fold and
two fold axis of rotational symmetry
• 60 identical subunits on the surface
• Physical apearance like a spherical
particle
Chemical composition of viruses
• Viral proteins –major purpose to
facilitate transfer of virus from one host
to an other.
• Proteins determine the antigenic
characteristcs of viruses
• Some viruses carry enzymes—proteins.
Chemical compositin of viruses
• Viral nucleic acid :
• Single kind of nucleic acid that encode
genetic information for replication of
virus
• DNA OR RNA
• Single stranded or double s tranded
• Circular or linear
• Sigmented or non sigmented
Virus Replication
1 Virus attachment
and entry
1 2 Uncoating of virion
3 Migration of
genome nucleic
5 acid to nucleus
4 Transcription
4 Genome replication
2 5
6 Translation of virus
3 mRNAs
7 Virion assembly
7 Release of new
8
virus particles
6
8
Cytopathic Effect (cpe)
Adenovirus Herpes virus
Transmission of Viruses
• Respiratory transmission
Influenza A virus
• Faecal-oral transmission
Enterovirus
• Blood-borne transmission
Hepatitis B virus
• Sexual Transmission
HIV
• Animal or insect vectors
Rabies virus
Virus Tissue Tropism
• Targeting of the virus to specific tissue
and cell types
• Receptor Recognition
CD4+ cells infected by HIV
CD155 acts as the receptor for
poliovirus
In vivo Disease Processes
• Cell destruction
• Virus-induced changes to gene
expression
• Immunopathogenic disease
Acute Virus Infection
Symptoms
Amount of virus
Virus Time
Acute Virus Infections
• Localised to specific site of
body
• Development of viraemia
with widespread infection of
tissues
Poliovirus
Poliovirus
Properties of the virus
• Enterovirus.
• Possesses a RNA
genome.
• Transmitted by the
faecal oral route.
• Cause of
gastrointestinal illness
and poliomyelitis.
Poliovirus Infection
Virus
Infection
Non-neuronal
tissues
Gut Viraemia
Neuronal
tissues
Virus excretion
in the faeces Paralysis
Incidence of Poliomyelitis
A B
40
Poliovirus vaccines
Number of cases (in thousands)
10
600
Rate per 100 000 population
500
Epidemic activity
400
Higher than expected Baseline activity
300 seasonal activity
200
Normal seasonal activity
100
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
Genetic Reassortment
Avian H3N8
Point mutation of HA and NA
genes
ANTIGENIC DRIFT
Viruses and Human Tumours
• Epstein Barr Virus
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
• Human papillomavirus
Benign warts
Cervical Carcinoma
• Human T-cell Leukaemia Virus (HTLV-1)
Leukaemia
• Hepatitis C virus
Liver carcinoma
Virus-induced tumours
Virus
Infection
[ ]
Uninfected Uncontrolled cell
Cell growth and tumour
? formation
Virus-induced transformation
Normal cells Transformed cells
Virus-Induced Tumours
• Virus infects cell.
• Virus nucleic acid, as DNA,
integrates into cellular genome.
• Virus causes changes in cellular gene
expression.
• Uncontrolled cell multiplication and
tumour formation.
Treatment and Prevention
of Virus Infections
• Antivirals