Investigating the Effects of Volume, Pressure, and Temperature on Solids,

Liquids, and Gases

Trace a Petri dish and then draw the circles in your lab
book as shown above.
1. Place a clear sheet over your circles in your
lab book.
2. Add one drop of bromothymol blue (BTB) to
every small circle on the sheet.
3. In the center circle, add 3 drops of HCl and 3
drops of NaHSO3.
4. Cover the circle with a Petri dish.
5. Make observations by coloring what you see
happening in your lab book. On the left show
what it looked before and on the right, after.
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction
between HCl and NaHSO3. The products are
water, sulfur dioxide and sodium chloride.

2. Which of the products was a gas?

3. Did the gas stay in the center circle? How do
you know?
4. Use Kinetic Theory to explain your
observations.
The main idea of Kinetic Theory is
that molecules are in constant,
random motion.
Perfume molecules moving across
the room are evidence of this.
Kinetic Theory
As the temperature increases so do the molecules’
kinetic energy
When molecules collide, they do not lose their energy
1. All atoms and molecules are in constant
random motion.
2. As the temperature increases, motion of the
molecules or atoms increases.
3. Collisions between atoms and molecules are
perfectly elastic – no loss of energy.
 Record what happens to your fish.
 What does the fish tell you about your
“fortune?”
 What causes the fish to actually move?
1. Make observations about the balloons as you
swirl them.
2. Explain how the smell comes out of the
balloon if a liquid was added to each balloon.
3. Two physical changes are occurring:
evaporation and diffusion. Explain how they
relate to this demo.
1. Solid – particles only vibrate back and forth
2. Liquid – free flowing, can move about
3. Gas – move about in order to fill container
4. Plasma – move so fast that they are only
charged particles

 In terms of kinetic energy the order is:

plasma > gases > liquids > solids
 States of matter can be affected by
temperature and pressure.
Phase Changes

Melting Vaporization

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation
 Require energy
Sublimation

Melting Vaporization

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation

Deposition
Release energy
 subliming

melting evaporating/boiling

freezing condensing
 Molecules at the surface break away
and become gas.
 Only those with enough KE
escape
 Evaporation is a cooling
process.
 It requires energy.
Change from gas to liquid
Molecules stick together
Releases energy.
Achieves a equilibrium with
vaporization in a closed system.
What is a closed system?
A closed system means
matter can’t go in or out.
(put a cork in it)
What the heck is a
“equilibrium?”
When first sealed the molecules
gradually escape the surface of the
liquid
When first sealed the molecules
gradually escape the surface of the
liquid
As the molecules build up above
the liquid some condense back
to a liquid.
1. Hold the love meter by the base and observe
what happens.
2. Explain why.
3. Is boiling endothermic or exothermic?
1. What happens to the bird as it drinks.
2. Explain why.
3. What happens to the bird when it is covered
with a dome.
4. Explain why.
 Temperature is a measure of the kinetic
energy of molecules
 As the temperature is increases, there is
more kinetic energy.
 Standard temperature is 0oC or 273K
 To convert from Celsius to Kelvin
____oC + 273 = ____K
 At absolute zero, all molecules stop
moving.
 Absolute zero = 0 K = -273oC
 Convert room temperature to Kelvin:
 Pressure is formed by molecules hitting the
sides of a container

Pressure = Force
surface area

 Air Pressure results from the gases in the air

hitting against an object = 14 lbs/in2
 Barometer – measures air pressure
 Standard Air Pressure = 1 atmosphere (1 atm)
or other units may be used:

1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 101.3 kPa

Convert air pressure to kPa:

  At one atmosphere
1 atm pressure a column of
Pressure mercury 760 mm
high.
Column of Mercury

Dish of Mercury
 What happens to the pressure inside as the
can is shaken?
 What would happen if it was opened?
 What happens when the can is thumped?
 Why doesn’t the soda come out?
 Draw the set up.
 Make observations.
 Why does the ruler break?
1. Make observations about the air pressure
created by the air zooka.
2. Explain why this happens.
Above 760 mm Hg = below 760 mm Hg =
good weather bad weather
 At sea level Above sea level

Atmospheric pressure decreases as elevation

increases – less air in the mountains.
 Pressure and the number of molecules are
directly related
 More molecules means more collisions
 Fewer molecules means fewer collisions.
 If you double the number of molecules

1 atm
 If you double the number of
molecules
 You double the pressure.
2 atm
4 atm
 As you remove
molecules from a
container
2 atm
 As you remove molecules
from a container the
pressure decreases
1 atm  As you remove molecules
from a container the
pressure decreases
 Until the pressure inside
equals the pressure outside
 Molecules naturally move
from high to low pressure
State of Matter Temperature Pressure
Solid

Liquid

Gas
Pressure

Temperature
 Changing the temperature and pressure can
affect whether matter is a solid, a liquid, or a
gas.
 As temperature increases, molecules move
faster and can go from being a solid to a
liquid to a gas.
 As pressure increases, molecules are pushed
together and can forces them go to from a
gas, to a liquid, to a solid.
1. Observe what happens when hot water is
placed in the vacuum pump.
2. What is the temperature of the water?
3. How is it possible to boil water when it’s not
100oC?
 When elements are heated under pressure
and then allowed to cool, they can produce
different arrangements with their atoms.
 These different structures are called
allotropes.
 Carbon is one element that has different
allotropes.
a = diamond, b = graphite, c = graphene, d = coal, e = bucky ball, f = bucky tube
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv8KC4Y
-_RQ

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEbxLrP
_ZCU
1. Rinse soda can and add 10 ml of water.
2. Heat the can over a Hot plate until steam is
rolling out of the top.
Turn can upside down
and dunk the can in
ice water.

Beaker with ice water

1. Make observations about what occurred.
2. Did the can explode or implode? Explain your
choice.
3. Explain what happened to the can using the
terms volume, temperature, and pressure.
1. Draw the set up.
2. What happens to the ball as it is heated?
3. What happens to the ball as it is cooled?
 In small bag: ½ cup milk, 1 tsp vanilla, and 3
tbs sugar.
 In large bag: fill half-way with ice and cover
with rock salt.
 Take temperature every minute until ice
cream forms. Record in data table.
Time (minutes) Temperature (oC)
0
1
2
3
 Conclusions:
1. What does the rock salt do to the ice?
2. Why is it necessary to shake the bag?
3. Explain why the ice melts, but the ice cream
freezes.
4. Why is salt put on roads in the winter?
 Heat a beaker of ice until it boils.
 Take temperature every minute and record.
Time (minute) Temperature (oC)
 Make a graph of time (X) and temperature
(Y).
 Label the graph where the changes in state
occur.
1. Get a marshmallow and draw a face on it.
2. Open syringe by removing the plunger and
placing Marshmallow Man inside. Replace
the plunger.
3. Set the plunger at 15 ml and cap it.
4. Make observations as you increase the
pressure (push down on plunger) and
decrease pressure (pull back on plunger).
5. Write a statement about how volume and
pressure are related.
 Draw a picture of the balloon in the flask.
 Explain how to inflate the balloon.
 Boyle’s Law states, “If the temperature of a
gas remains constant, then the volume of a
gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.”
 This can be represented mathematically:
V1P1 = V2P2
When the pressure goes down, the volume
goes up, and vice versa.
 20 ml of gas is at standard pressure. What
pressure is required to compress the 20 ml of
gas to 10 ml?
V1 = 20 ml
P1 = 101.3 kPa
V2 = 10 ml
P2 = ?
Pressure (books) Volume (ml)

0 books 30 ml
1 book
2 books
3 books
4 books
5 books
1. Make a graph of pressure on x axis and
volume on the y axis.
2. Describe the shape of the graph.
3. Does your data support Boyle’s law. Explain.
4. Use your graph to predict how many books
would be required to make the volume be 8
ml.
5. Will the volume ever reach 0 ml? Explain.
 http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
12/airplane/boyle.html
1. Balloon in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
Explanation:
2. Shaving Cream in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
Explanation:
3. Marshmallow Peeps in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
Explanation:
What do you see? Why do you think it is true?
1. Get hot water beaker and a cold water beaker.
2. Dip the opening of a plastic bottle into the soap
solution so that a soap film forms on top.
3. Place the bottom of the bottle in the hot water
and hold it there.
4. Repeat the process with the cold water.
5. What do you observe?
6. Write a statement about temperature and
volume of a gas.
 Charles’ Law states, “If the pressure remains
constant, then the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature.”
 This can be represented mathematically as
V1T2 = V2T1
 Temperature must be on the Kelvin scale
Kelvin = oC + 273
1. Make a drawing of the balloon and the flask.
2. Predict what will happen as the flask is
heated with a balloon over it.
3. Record what happens.
4. Predict what will happen when the flask is
cooled.
5. Record what happens.
6. Explain why.
 Calculate the temperature required to change
the volume of a gas from 100 ml of gas to 50
ml of gas if the original temperature was
27oC.
V1 = 100 ml
T1 = 27oC + 273 = 300 K
V2 = 50 ml
T2 = ?
 http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
12/airplane/glussac.html
What do you
predict will
happen to the
balloon as the
temperature is
increased?
Why?
1. Record the temperature of the gas inside the
bottle.
2. Pump air into the bottle and then observe
the temperature again.
3. Write a statement about how temperature
and pressure are related.
 Gay-Lusaac’s Law states, “If the volume
remains constant, then the pressure of a gas
is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature.”
 This can be represented mathematically as
P1T2 = P2T1
 Temperature must be on the Kelvin scale
Kelvin = oC + 273
 This law relates all three variables of
temperature, pressure, and volume.
V1P1T2 = V2P2T1
STP = standard temperature and pressure
(273 K and 101.3 kPa)
What is the change in pressure when air is
pumped into the bottle?
V1 = ____ mL
P1 = ____kPa
T1 = _____oC + 273 = _____ K
V2 = ____ mL
P2 = ?
T2 = _____oC + 273 = _____ K
 http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
12/airplane/Animation/frglab2.html
 1.0 liter of gas is at ___oC and ___ kPa. What
is the volume at STP?
V1 = ____liter
P1 = ____kPa
T1 = _____oC + 273 = _____ K
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.3 kPa
T2 = 273 K
 Volume before = _________ml
 Pressure before = ________kPa
 Temperature before = ______oC
 Volume after = __________ml
 Temperature after = ___________ oC
 Pressure after (calculated) = ___?_____
 The ideal gas law considers how much gas is
added to a container
 Then it determines how temperature,
pressure, and volume are affected by the
amount of gas.
 The amount of gas is represented by the
number of moles of the gas.
The mathematical representation of the law
is
PV = nRT
where
P = pressure in kilopascals (kPa)
V = volume in liters (L)
n = number of moles
R = gas constant 8.31
T = temperature in Kelvin (K)
 What is the volume of 1.00 mole of a gas at
STP?
 How many moles of CO2 are in the bottle?
 P = __________
 V = __________
 n = __________
 R = 8.31
 T = __________
 http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Labor
atory/GLP.htm
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate if the products are
water, salt, and carbon dioxide gas.

2. How many moles of carbon dioxide are needed to produce

0.5 L of the gas at today’s temperature and pressure?
P=
V = 0.5 L
n=?
R = 8.31
T=
3. Using the balanced equation what is the ratio
of sodium carbonate to carbon dioxide?

4. How many moles of sodium carbonate are

needed for the reaction?

5. How many grams of sodium carbonate are

needed for the reaction?

6. How many liters of CO2 were produced?

How many moles of butane are contained in the gas?
What is the molar mass of butane?

Mass of lighter before _______g

Mass of lighter after _________g

P = _________________
V = __________________
n = _________________
R = 8.31
T = _________________
1. Calculate the volume by dividing by 1000 to
put it liters and the temperature by adding
273.
2. Solve for the number of moles.
3. Determine the number of grams of butane
you used.
4. Divide the grams by moles to get the GFM.
 Conclusions
1. What is the actual GFM of butane C4H10?
2. How does the GFM compare to the value you
calculated? What are some sources of error?