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Slide from ES4423, G. Atkinson
Motivation for
ES4423/GP9508
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ES4423/GP508: Learning Outcomes
• Explain earthquake site effects in general and with reference
to significant past earthquakes Assign 1, 4
• Predict earthquake site amplification based on subsurface
material properties Assign 2
• Analyze strong-motion earthquake recordings to evaluate
earthquake site effects Assign 3
• Evaluate multiple site characterization methods to develop
model(s) of subsurface site conditions Assign 6
• Perform seismic hazard analyses to predict earthquake
ground motion Assign 5, Project
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ES4423/GP9508: Schedule
Week 1: Course orientation and introduction to seismic hazard analysis Assignment 1
Week 2: History of earthquake engineering and significant earthquakes Assignment 1
Week 3: Strong motion seismology and Earthquake site amplification (theory) Assignment 2
Week 4: Earthquake site amplification (empirical evidence and case studies) Assignment 3
Week 5: Earthquake site effect metrics and site characterization field Assignment 4
techniques
Week 6: Earthquake site classification and mapping Quiz 1
--- Reading Break --- Feb 18-22
Weeks 7: Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and EQHAZ software Assignment 5
[delivered by Dr. Karen Assatourians]
Weeks 7: Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and EQHAZ software Assignment 5
[delivered by Dr. Karen Assatourians]
Week 9: Non-invasive shear-wave velocity (Vs) profiling methods Assignment 6
Week 10: Application of non-invasive Vs profiling methods Assignment 6
Week 11: Earthquake site response theory and numerical analysis
Week 12: Earthquake site response theory cont’d Quiz 2, Project
Week 13: Lectures, if required
*Laboratory assignments re-developed with Dr. Hadi Ghofrani
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ES4423/GP9508
Lectures
• M, W 10:30-11:30am, BGS 1056
Labs
• W 2:30-5:30pm, BGS 0184 computing lab
• Softwares used: Matlab, Geopsy, ProShake
Quizzes
• Based on lecture material; written in a lecture period (≤ 50-mins)
Expectations based on GP9525 course, Winter 2017
• Overall effectiveness as an instructor
• Course as a learning experience
• Both rated 5.1 / 7 (or 73%, B grade)
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Earthquakes
• Describe what an earthquake is.
• Definition of an earthquake:
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Earthquakes
• are the sudden release of
stored energy caused by slip
along a fault or fracture in the
earth.
• Earthquakes are a product of
the slow deformation between
tectonic plates or active
tectonics.
• Energy is released as
movement along the fault
(slip), heat, and seismic waves
that radiate out from the
source in all directions, which
causes the ground to shake.
• Seismic waves are mechanical
waves that transfer or
propagate this energy. 12
Seismic waves
Body waves
• Longitudinal, Compressional P-wave
• 1.7x faster than S-wave
Surface waves
• Love wave (SH waves)
• Slightly faster than Rayleigh waves
• ~90% speed of S-wave
• https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Monitoring-Earthquakes/Other-earthquake-
questions/Does-the-Earth-really-ring-like-a-bell-after-a-big-earthquake
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Earthquake waveform
Now that you remember the types of seismic waves,
help me draw a typical earthquake waveform
(earthquake recording, earthquake time-series)
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Introduction: Basics
• What is an earthquake?
• What is earthquake (seismic) hazard?
• What are earthquake site effects?
• What role(s) do geologists, seismologists and
geotechnical engineers have in seismic hazard
analysis?
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Seismic Hazard: Beginnings
• 1831-1731 BC • First written documentation
(~4,000 years) of an earthquake
• 1556 Jiajing earthquake • Oldest historical
(830,000 fatalities; deadliest earthquake you can think of
earthquake)
• First earthquake waveform
• 1890’s recordings (field of
earthquake seismology)
• 1960’s • Start of geotechnical
engineering
• When Canada started to
• 1970’s include seismic design in
our structures
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Earthquake (Seismic) Hazard
• Broadly, the ‘natural’ disruption to the environment or an area
from an earthquake occurrence (Kramer, 1996)
• List some earthquake hazards:
Primary hazards Secondary hazards
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Seismic Hazard:
Site Effects
• 1D: Soft surficial sediments tend to increase (amplify) earthquake
shaking (Impedance-based amplification)
+ The soil column acts like a filter with strain-dependent properties that can
increase the duration and amplitude of shaking in a narrow frequency band
related to the soil thickness, physical properties (P- and S-wave velocities,
density), and the shape of sub- and surface boundaries (resonance-based
amplification)
• 3D: Sedimentary basins generate surface waves
• Basin edge effect from constructive interference of S and surfaces waves
• Traps surfaces waves, leads to longer duration of strong shaking
• 3D: Topography (hills) also amplifies ground motion (convex basins)
Mexico City
Cross-section
(Records at the edge of Mexico City on rock)
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
Introduction: Basics
• What is an earthquake?
• What is earthquake (seismic) hazard?
• What are earthquake site effects?
• What role(s) do geologists, seismologists and
geotechnical engineers have in seismic hazard
analysis?
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Seismic Hazard: Geology
• Geologists role is to locate paleo-earthquakes using
paleoseismology, locate and characterize the faults that
generated them and develop a quantitative understanding
of the style, magnitude, frequency of earthquakes on the
fault
• Goal is to:
• forecast earthquake size,
• location of fault rupture,
• degree of surface deformation,
• local site amplification factors
that will impact ground shaking
and soil failures
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*course focus
Seismic Hazard:
(Engineering) Seismology
• “The basic data of earthquake engineering are the
recordings of ground accelerations during earthquakes. A
knowledge of the ground motion is essential to an
understanding of the earthquake behaviour of structures”
(Housner, 1970)
Engineering characteristics of strong ground motion or
“metrics”:
• Peak ground acceleration (PGA)
• Peak ground velocity (PGV)
• Peak ground displacement (PGD)
• Frequency content (Fourier spectrum, Response spectrum)
• Duration of strong shaking
• Intensity measures
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*course focus
Seismic Hazard: Geotechnical
• Geotechnical factors can have a • Site characterization
strong influence on man-made • Site field tests, laboratory tests
and natural structures during • Dynamic soil properties
earthquakes • Shear modulus and damping
• Nonlinear soil response
• Geotechnical materials influence • Dynamic shear strength
earthquake damage by: • Site response
1. Modifying ground motion • Types of site effects
shaking at a particular site • Site classification
(amplification, attenuation) • Site amplification (factors)
• Site response analysis
2. Ground failure in which soil
mass experiences • Ground Failure
permanent deformations • Liquefaction, landslides
(liquefaction, landslides) • Soil Improvement
• Densification, grouting, drainage,
reinforcement
• Soil-Structure-Interaction (SSI)
*course focus 29
Seismic Hazard:
Site Characterization
• One of the first, and most important, steps in a
geotechnical earthquake engineering hazard
evaluation is site characterization.
• Includes historical and current data on surface and
subsurface geometry, soil and rock properties,
groundwater conditions
• “Importance to the hazard evaluation and design
process can hardly be overemphasized”
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Seismic Hazard
Seismic hazard evaluation or prediction requires:
Geology
+
(Engineering) Seismology
+
Geotechnical Engineering
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