CHAPTER 16:

APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY CE – 4G
Members:
Vincent Paul Doctor
Genesis Magat
Rose Lyn Isla
Gerome Camacho
Data Preparation
and
By: Vincent Paul
Record
Doctor Extension
Data
Preparation
It is the application of standard methods for processing and analyzing
hydrological data to prepare water resources information.
Requirements:
1. Checking the station history and / or double-mass analysis (sec. 3-
10).
2. Stream flow data can be further evaluated by checking the changes
which have occurred in the basin during the period of record.
3. In each case data should be appropriately adjusted to either current
conditions or natural conditions (sec. 4-16).
Random Errors in the Data
• Observer error
• Instrument failure
• Unnatural events
Record Extension
One of the most serious sources of error in probability estimates is
limited data (sec. 13-1).
Random term to maintain the
variance of
the flow.
�� = � + ��� +
Where: 𝑡��
Subscript x – station being estimated
Subscript y – record base from the extension
Sx – standard error of estimate of Qx
t – random normal deviate with mean zero
and unit standard deviation
Deterministic Simulation Model
If suitably long rainfall records are available (Chapter 12)
Rainfall-Runoff relation and unit
hydrograph
If only flood peaks are required, the two or three largest values
each year might be estimated.
Regression
The development of an extended rainfall record under time
periods of a month or more.
Water-Supply Reserviors and
Flood
By: Genesis P.
Regulation
Magat
 WATER-SUPPLY RESERVOIRS

• Water-supply reservoirs store in water in periods of surplus for

use during periods ofdeficit. The water may be
for city water supply
,irrigation, hydroelectric power, or other uses.
• In all cases the hydrologic approach is essentially the same, the only
difference being the estimate of required water supply.
City water supply

Irrigation

Hydroelectric power
• Firm yield is the minimum yield during the life of the
reservoir.
• Average yield is the arithmetic average of the yields
available in each year of the project life.
• Short-term reservoir is planned to operate on an
annual (or shorter) cycle.
• Long-term reservoir is intended to carry water over
two or more years to cope with longdroughts.
 STEPS IN ANALYSIS OF THE
RESERVOIR:
1. Determination of the area-elevation and volume-elevation curves
for the site.
2. It is also necessary to have an estimate of the required yield to
meet the purpose of the reservoir.
3. It is usually necessary to estimate the usable storage.
• Usable storage commonly taken as equal to the total
storage less than the volume required to store the
sediment accumulation during the life of the project.
Other factors may sometimes control.
• Critical period the base of traditional estimate of
yield, usually it is the driest period in historic record.
No meaningful estimate of probability can be made
for such a critical period.
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
• Since it completes a storage cycle annually or more frequently , there
should be a prove to be an adequate data base to stimulate the
performance of the reservoir. The time increment for this stimulation
should be no longer than 1 month, and in some cases, daily
increment should be used.
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
• Illustrative example 16-1:An
offstream reservoir is to be built
adjacent to Antietam Creek near
Sharpsburg, Md. It will be filled by
diversion in a canal with 200 cfs
capacity. Using the data of Fig. 4-15,
determine the yield of the reservoir
during water year 1971 and the yield
which would be assumed if monthly
and annual data were used in the
analysis. Ignore evaporation and
seepage loss.
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
Illustrative example 16-1:
• Summing the daily flows taking only 200 cfs when the flow equals or exceeds that
value gives a total yield of 67, 789 cfs-days. If monthly mean flows are used, the
yield appears to be 69, 002 cfs-days (1.7 percent high). The annual data suggest
that the yield is 200 x 365 = 73, 000 cfs-days (7.5 percent high).
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
• storage model is used to compute the yield of the reservoir each year.
• Yield = inflow – evaporation + precipitation – releases
• Yield = withdrawals + change in storage
LONG-TERM RESERVOIRS
• Have sufficient storage capacity to meet demands during periods of
two or more dry years. Annual probability is not adequate.
• Generally this problem is best solved by stochastic methods and the
hydrologic question is “ What is the probability of a drought leading
to a deficits during the project life?” or “ How large should the
reservoir be to make the probability of the deficit small enough to be
acceptable.”
To accomplish this it is suggested
that the
1. Extend the available flow record for the longest possible
following
period. steps be followed:
2. Determine the parameters for a suitable stochastic model.
3. Generate a large number (say 1000) of stream flow
sequences, each sequence having a length equal to the
expected useful life of the reservoir (20 to 100 years).
4. Estimate the project water demand including any changes
expected during the project life.
5. Use a simple algorithm such as the sequent peak algorithm
to determine the storage required to meet the demand for
each sequence.
6. Construct a reliability function for the reservoir and select
a capacity offering an acceptable level of reliability.
Sequent peak algorithm:

•For a simple reservoir the sequent peak algorithm is quite

useful if a computer solution is desire.
•It is important to use an adequate number of
flow sequences in the development of reliability curves.
The storage
model:

•If the demand on the reservoir is expected to grow over its

life, the varying demand should be used in the analysis.
The storage model:

•Figure 16-4 shows the difference between the reliability

curved for a reservoir assuming various initial demands and
rate of growth of demand. If the reservoir is analyzed at its
ultimate demand rate a larger storage is required than if an
increasing rate is assumed.
FLOOD REGULATION
FLOOD REGULATION
• Flood-mitigation reservoirs reduce downstream flood
peaks by retaining a portion of the flood water until it
can be safely released.
• The traditional basis for design has been the selection
of a project design flood (PDF).
• This assumes that the reservoir is at or below
some
specified initial level at the onset of the flood.
• It is also assumes that the peak and hydrograph
shape of the PDF is truly representative, since a
different shape would mean a different volume.
FLOOD REGULATION:

Figure 16.5 Development of a flood-damage probability curve.

 A more thorough study of a flood-
mitigation
reservoir should include the following
steps:
1. Develop a flood-peak probability curve at the point or points to be
protected.
2. Develop a curve relating peak flow to damage at each protected point.
This requires estimates of flood damage in several historic floods
adjusted to current cost levels.
3. Combine the flow-damage curve and flow-probability curve into a
damage-probability curve.
4. Route the historic series of floods through an assumed reservoir and
downstream to the protected area.
5. Repeat step 4 for various reservoir capacities and operating policies, and
compare the cost of the alternate projects with the corresponding
reduction in damages to find the most cost-effective alternative.
The above outline is based on the fact
that the average annual flood damage
is equal to the area under the
damage-probability curve when
plotted on natural scales, ie..,
• D =∫0 1 Dp Where: D is the damage
dp p is the probability
 Channel Improvements for Flood
Mitigation, Floodplain Mapping, and
Urban Storm Drainage
By: Rose Lyn Isla
“ What is the trace of the peak of the design flood as it passes
through the leveed reach?”

Cross Section of the leveed reach must be assumed.

The design flood is then determined and routed through the

leveed reach by kinematic, zero-inertia, or dynamic routing.
 If the channel improvement consists of cleaning, lining, or
straightening, the effect is to lower the peak stage for a given
flood flow.
FLOODPLAIN MAPPING
Floodplain Maps
-Identify areas that experience periodic flooding
nearby rivers, lakes, streams and the sea.

-show the location of the normal channel of a

water course, surrounding features or developments,
ground elevation contours, flood levels and floodplain
limits.
Designated Floodplain Maps
• Coastal Floodplain Maps
• Emergency Planning Floodplain maps
• Use & Limitations of Floodplain Maps
Delineate
Floodplains
& Flood
Prone
Areas
Map
Historical
Floodplains
Map
Floodplains,
Terraces and
Fans
Floodplains
and
Roads
URBAN STORM DRAINAGE
URBAN STORM DRAINAGE
• Planning Process Elements
1. Major Drainage Planning
2. Outfall System Planning
3. Initial Drainage System Planning
4. Water Quality and Environmental Design
5. Long-term Maintenance and Operation
• Master Planning
• Floodplain Easements
• Local and Regional Planning
• Development and Site Planning
• Managing Runoff from Frequently Occurring Storms
• Separation of Stormwater and Sanitary Flows
Highway Culverts, Spillway Design,
Cooling
By: Gerome
Pond
Camacho Design, and River Forecasting
Highway Culverts
It is a drainage facility that allows water to flow under the road
Common Shapes of Culverts
• For Open-Bottom Shaped Culverts
Design Considerations
• Hydrologic analysis – involves the estimation of a design flow rate
based on climatological and watershed characteristics.
Peak design Flow – a culvert is sized to pass a peak flow from one
side of the roadway embankment to the other with an acceptable
headwater elevation.
Hydrographs – It is a plot of discharge versus time.
Computer Models – can be used either for faster solving or for
theoretical simulation.
Spillway
Design
A Spillway transports excess water that cannot be contained behind a
dam to the streambed below it.
Spillway Components:
• Control Structure
• Discharge Channel
• Terminal Structure
• Entrance/Outlet Channels
• Control Structures – regulate the flows from the reservoir into the
spillway
• Discharge Channels – convey water flow down to the streambed
• Terminal Structures – prevents excessive erosion of the toe of dam
due to water flow.
• Entrance Channels – convey water from a reservoir to the control
structure
Spillway Design Considerations:
• The maximum spillway discharge and maximum lake elevation
(determined through reservoir flood routing performed for design
conditions)
• Inflow and reservoir stage conditions such as inflow discharges, its
frequency and shape of hydrography, reservoir capacity at various
levels, and length and height of crest.
• Cost of Dam and Spillway (Benefits and Costs, Comparisons Between
Materials and Shapes)
Cooling-Pond Design
-a man-made body of water primarily formed for the purpose storing
heated water and/or supplying cooling water to a nearby power plant
• Cooling Pond Design for Power Plant
River Forecasting
• Skillful and timely streamflow forecasts are critically important to
water managers and emergency protection services.
Stages of River Forecasting
• Data Collection
• Hydrologic Models
• Issue river forecasts