Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Introduction
• Definition
• Classification of fuels
Units
(1) CGS: Calorie/g
(2) SI unit: Joule/g
(3) British Thermal unit/pound (B.T.U./lb)
1 Calorie = 4.187 J
1 B.T.U. = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal 1 kcal = 3.968 B.T.U.
Gross Calorific Value & Net Calorific Value
Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
GCV of a fuel can be defined as the total amount of heat obtained on
complete combustion of unit mass of a solid or liquid fuel or unit volume
of a gaseous fuel (STP) and on cooling the products of combustion to
15°C. The gross calorific value is also called as higher calorific value.
• Bomb calorimeter
• Principle
• Construction
• Working
• Formula
• Corrections
• Numericals
Calorimetry
• General Principle
The basic principle of calorimetry is the Law of Conservation of Energy
A calorimeter is an instrument used in calorimetry for measuring the
amount of heat released or absorbed in chemical or physical reactions. It
can determine heat content, latent heat, specific heat, and other thermal
properties of substances.
• Depending on the state of the fuel, there are two methods of determination
of CV
• Bomb Calorimeter (Solid/Non-volatile liquid fuels)
• Boy’s Calorimeter (Volatile liquid/ Gaseous fuels)
Bomb Calorimeter
• Principle of Bomb Calorimeter
A known weight of solid / non-volatile liquid fuel is burnt in
the presence of excess oxygen in the closed pot, and the
products of combustion are cooled, to get GCV of the fuel.
Diagram of Bomb Calorimeter
Calculations
Mass of fuel = x g
Mass of water in calorimeter = W g
Water equivalent of calorimeter set = w g
Gross Calorific value of fuel = L cal/g
Rise in temperature of water = (t2 – t1) oC
(i) Fuse wire correction (f) The heat liberated includes the heat given out
by ignition of the fuse wire used.
(ii) Acid correction (a)
S + O2 → SO2
2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 ∆H = -6.03 x 105 J
4N + 2H2O + 5O2 → 4HNO3 ∆H = - 2.39 x 105 J
1) The coal containing 5% hydrogen (dry / moisture free basis) and 10%
moisture has gross calorific value of 33.5 MJ/kg. Calculate Net Calorific
Value of Coal. Latent heat of water vapour is 2.45 MJ/kg.
Ash %
Fixed carbon %
Fixed carbon % = 100 – (% Moisture + % V. M. + % ash)
Significance of proximate analysis
• Mositure: Lower moisture content implies that the quality
of coal is good
2) Estimation of nitrogen
3) Estimation of Sulphur
Numericals
Ultimate Analysis of Coal
The analysis of coal in which percentages of C, H, N, S and O
elements are found out, is known as ultimate analysis.
Estimation of Nitrogen
.
Numericals
• 1) 0.25 g of a coal sample on burning in a combustion chamber in the
current of pure oxygen was found to increase weight of U-tube with
anhydrous CaCl2 by 0.075 g and of KOH U-tube by 0.52gm. Find C
and H percentages in coal.
• 2) Find the % of C and H in coal sample from the following data- 0.20
g of coal on burning in a combustion tube in presence of pure oxygen
was found to increase in the weight of CaCl2 tube by 0.08 g and KOH
tube by 0.12 g.
Lecture 5
• Petroleum
• Classification of petroleum
• Refining of petroleum
• Knocking
• Octane Number of petrol
• Cetane number of diesel
Liquid Fuels -Petroleum
Fractionating tower
Various fractions of crude oil
Octane Number of Petrol
• Knocking of Petrol engine: The intense vibrations, strong rattling metal noises
produced in petrol engine due to pre-ignition of petrol, is called knocking.
• Octane Number
• Definition: Octane number of a petrol sample is defined as the % of iso-octane
• in the mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane, which has similar knocking to the
petrol sample.
• Aromatics > Cycloalkanes > alkenes > Br. alkane > n-alkane
Anti-knocking Agents
• Tetraethyl lead Pb(C2H5)4 0.5ml/litre
• Branched chain alkane of higher molecular weight
• Benzene, toluene, xylene
• Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) or ethyl t-butyl ether.
Cetane Number of Diesel
• Knocking of Diesel engine: The intense vibrations, strong rattling metal
noises produced in diesel engine due to time lag or delay in ignition of
diesel, is called knocking.
• Cetane number
• Definition: Cetane number of a diesel is defined as the % of n-hexadecane in
the mixture of n-hexadecane and 2-methyl naphthalene which has same ignition
character like the ignition character of the diesel under test
• 2-Methyl napthalene n-Hexadecane / Cetane
• Cetane no. 0 Cetane no. 100
• CH3-(CH2)14-CH3
• Relative order of cetane no. values
• n-alkanes > cycloalkanes > alkenes > branched alkanes > aromatics
How to increase cetane number
• Calculations
• Numericals
Combustion
• Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical
reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually
atmospheric oxygen.
• Substances always combine in definite proportions. These proportions are
determined by their molecular masses.
• C + O2 → CO2 (12:32:44)
• 22.4 L of any gas at 0°C and 760mm Hg pressure (STP) has a mass equal
to its 1 mol.
• Air contain 21% of oxygen by volume and 23% of oxygen by mass.
• 28.94 g/mol is taken as molar mass of air.
• O2 required for combustion = theoretical O2 required - O2 present in the
fuel.
•
• For solid or Liquid fuels:
• Where C, H, S and O are amounts of elements in Kg.
•
• Air quantity =
•
For Gaseous fuels
O2 volume required = volume gas component in m3 x
volume of O2per volume of gas.
Numericals
• 1) A petrol sample contains 14% H and 86% carbon. Calculate the
quantity of air required for complete combustion of 1 kg petrol.
• Carbon Emission
Carbon Credit
• Greenhouse Gases
• Greenhouse gases are a group of compounds that are able to trap heat
(longwave radiation) in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth's surface warmer
than it would be if they were not present. Following are various greenhouse
gases.
• Carbon dioxide
• Nitrous oxide
• Chloro fluorocarbons
• Methane
• Hydrofluorocarbon
Global warming
• Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the
observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the
Earth's climate system and its related effects.
• Business and job opportunities – Trading in carbon credits using the capitalist
principle, if applied fairly, allows private investors to generate profits from their
purchases and diversify them towards the creation of environmentally-sustainable
businesses which either emit very low or no carbons. And as new businesses are
started up, more employment opportunities arise.
Reduction of Carbon dioxide emissions
Thank you